Architecture

Overview

mcp-use is a fullstack MCP framework with implementations in both TypeScript and Python. The architecture is designed for modularity, extensibility, and ease of use.

High-Level Architecture

Core Components

MCPServer

The server component implements the MCP protocol and provides the foundation for building MCP servers.

TypeScript
Python

Location: packages/mcp-use/src/server/

import { MCPServer } from "mcp-use/server";

const server = new MCPServer({
  name: "my-server",
  version: "1.0.0",
  description: "Server description",
});

// Server is built on Hono (web framework)
server.get("/health", (c) => c.text("OK"));

await server.listen(3000);

Key Features:

Built on Hono web framework for performance
Automatic inspector mounting at /inspector
MCP endpoints at /mcp (HTTP/SSE)
Hot reload in development mode
Automatic widget discovery
Type-safe tool registration

Architecture:

MCPServer
  ├── Hono App (HTTP server)
  ├── Tool Registry
  ├── Resource Registry
  ├── Prompt Registry
  ├── Widget Manager
  ├── Session Manager
  ├── Inspector
  └── OAuth Handler

Location: libraries/python/mcp_use/server/

from mcp_use import MCPServer

server = MCPServer(
    name="my-server",
    version="1.0.0",
    description="Server description",
)

@server.tool(
    name="example",
    description="Example tool",
)
async def example_tool(input: str) -> str:
    return f"Result: {input}"

server.run(transport="streamable-http", port=8000)

Key Features:

Decorator-based API
Automatic inspector integration
Multiple transport support
Type validation with Pydantic
Built-in telemetry

MCPClient

The client component manages connections to MCP servers and handles tool discovery.

TypeScript
Python

Location: packages/mcp-use/src/client.ts

import { MCPClient } from "mcp-use/client";

const client = MCPClient.fromDict({
  mcpServers: {
    filesystem: {
      command: "npx",
      args: ["-y", "@modelcontextprotocol/server-filesystem", "/tmp"]
    },
    weather: {
      url: "http://localhost:3000/mcp"  // HTTP transport
    }
  }
});

await client.createAllSessions();
const tools = await client.getTools();

Architecture:

MCPClient
  ├── Configuration Manager
  ├── Session Manager
  │   ├── stdio Sessions
  │   ├── HTTP Sessions
  │   └── WebSocket Sessions
  ├── Tool Aggregator
  ├── Resource Manager
  └── Connection Pool

Key Responsibilities:

Server lifecycle management
Connection multiplexing
Tool/resource discovery
Session state management
Transport abstraction

Location: libraries/python/mcp_use/client.py

from mcp_use import MCPClient

config = {
    "mcpServers": {
        "filesystem": {
            "command": "npx",
            "args": ["-y", "@modelcontextprotocol/server-filesystem", "/tmp"]
        }
    }
}

client = MCPClient.from_dict(config)
await client.create_all_sessions()

session = client.get_session("filesystem")
result = await session.call_tool("read_file", {"path": "test.txt"})

Key Features:

Async/await support
Multiple connector types
Session management
E2B sandbox support
Configuration from files/dicts

MCPAgent

The agent component provides high-level AI agent functionality with LangChain integration.

TypeScript
Python

Location: packages/mcp-use/src/agents/

import { MCPAgent } from "mcp-use/agent";
import { ChatOpenAI } from "@langchain/openai";

const agent = new MCPAgent({
  llm: new ChatOpenAI({ modelName: "gpt-4o" }),
  client,
  maxSteps: 20,
  useServerManager: true,  // Smart server selection
});

// Three execution modes
const result = await agent.run("Query");           // Simple
for await (const step of agent.stream("Query")) {   // Step-by-step
  console.log(step);
}
for await (const event of agent.streamEvents("Q")) { // Token-level
  console.log(event);
}

Architecture:

MCPAgent
  ├── LangChain Agent
  ├── MCPClient
  ├── Tool Adapter
  ├── Server Manager (optional)
  ├── Observability Manager
  ├── Memory (conversation history)
  └── Streaming Handler

Key Features:

Multiple streaming modes
LLM-agnostic (any LangChain LLM)
Observability integration (Langfuse)
Dynamic server selection
Conversation memory
Tool access control

Location: libraries/python/mcp_use/agents/

from mcp_use import MCPAgent
from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI

agent = MCPAgent(
    llm=ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-4o"),
    client=client,
    max_steps=30,
    use_server_manager=True,
)

result = await agent.run("Find restaurants in Tokyo")

# Streaming
async for chunk in agent.stream("Query"):
    print(chunk["messages"], end="", flush=True)

Architecture:

MCPAgent
  ├── LangChain Agent
  ├── MCPClient
  ├── LangChain Adapter
  ├── Server Manager
  ├── Tool Restrictions
  └── Telemetry

Transport Layer

mcp-use supports three transport mechanisms:

stdio Transport

For local process communication:

const config = {
  mcpServers: {
    local: {
      command: "node",
      args: ["./server.js"],
      env: { DEBUG: "true" }
    }
  }
};

Pros:

Simple setup
No network configuration
Process isolation

Cons:

Local only
No HTTP features

HTTP/SSE Transport

For HTTP-based communication with Server-Sent Events:

const config = {
  mcpServers: {
    remote: {
      url: "http://localhost:3000/mcp"
    }
  }
};

Pros:

Works over network
Firewall-friendly
Browser compatible
Inspector integration

Cons:

Requires server setup
HTTP overhead

WebSocket Transport

For bidirectional communication:

const config = {
  mcpServers: {
    realtime: {
      url: "ws://localhost:3000/ws"
    }
  }
};

Pros:

Real-time bidirectional
Low latency
Efficient for streams

Cons:

More complex setup
Connection management

Widget System
  ├── Widget Discovery
  │   └── Scans resources/ directory
  ├── Widget Bundler
  │   └── esbuild for React components
  ├── Widget Server
  │   └── Serves bundled widgets
  ├── Widget Adapter
  │   ├── ChatGPT (Apps SDK)
  │   └── MCP Apps (SEP-1865)
  └── Type Generation
      └── Generates TypeScript types

Discovery

Server scans resources/ directory for widget.tsx files

Bundling

esbuild compiles React components with dependencies

Registration

Widgets auto-register with metadata

Type Generation

TypeScript types generated for useCallTool

Serving

Widgets served at /widgets/{name}

Rendering

Client renders widget with props

// resources/weather/widget.tsx
import { useWidget, type WidgetMetadata } from "mcp-use/react";
import { z } from "zod";

const propSchema = z.object({
  city: z.string(),
  temp: z.number(),
});

export const widgetMetadata: WidgetMetadata = {
  description: "Weather display",
  props: propSchema,
};

export default function WeatherWidget() {
  const { props, callTool, theme } = useWidget<z.infer<typeof propSchema>>();
  
  return (
    <div style={{ background: theme === "dark" ? "#000" : "#fff" }}>
      <h2>{props.city}</h2>
      <p>{props.temp}°F</p>
    </div>
  );
}

Inspector

The built-in inspector is a critical development tool: Features:

Test tools with custom inputs
View resources
Try prompts
See server logs
Monitor performance
OAuth flow testing

Auto-Mounting:

await server.listen(3000);
// Inspector automatically at http://localhost:3000/inspector

Standalone Usage:

npx @mcp-use/inspector --url http://localhost:3000/mcp

Observability

Architecture

Observability Manager
  ├── Langfuse Integration
  ├── Trace Management
  ├── Metadata Tracking
  ├── Tag Management
  └── Performance Metrics

Usage

const agent = new MCPAgent({
  llm,
  client,
  observe: true,  // Enable observability
});

// Set metadata for tracking
agent.setMetadata({
  userId: "user123",
  sessionId: "session456",
});

agent.setTags(["production", "user-query"]);

const result = await agent.run("Query");

Data Flow

Tool Execution Flow

Extension Points

mcp-use is designed for extensibility:

Custom Transports

class CustomTransport implements Transport {
  async connect() { /* ... */ }
  async send(message: any) { /* ... */ }
  async receive(): Promise<any> { /* ... */ }
  async close() { /* ... */ }
}

Custom Adapters

class CustomAdapter {
  async createTools(client: MCPClient) {
    // Convert MCP tools to your framework's format
  }
}

Middleware

const server = new MCPServer({ /* ... */ });

// Add custom middleware
server.use(async (c, next) => {
  console.log(`Request: ${c.req.path}`);
  await next();
});

Performance Considerations

TypeScript

Hono framework: Fast HTTP handling
esbuild: Fast widget bundling
Connection pooling: Reuse connections
Lazy loading: Load widgets on demand

Python

asyncio: Non-blocking I/O
Connection pooling: Efficient resource use
Lazy imports: Faster startup

Security

Authentication

const server = new MCPServer({
  oauth: {
    clientId: process.env.CLIENT_ID,
    clientSecret: process.env.CLIENT_SECRET,
    authorizationUrl: "https://oauth.example.com/authorize",
    tokenUrl: "https://oauth.example.com/token",
  },
});

Tool Restrictions

const agent = new MCPAgent({
  llm,
  client,
  disallowedTools: ["file_delete", "system_command"],
});

Sandboxing (Python)

client = MCPClient(
    config=config,
    sandbox=True,
    sandbox_options={"api_key": os.getenv("E2B_API_KEY")},
)

Learn More

Building Servers

Practical guide to server development

MCP Protocol

Protocol specification details

API Reference

Complete API documentation

Examples

Browse code examples

Getting Started

Core Concepts

Guides

Architecture

Overview

High-Level Architecture

Core Components

MCPServer

MCPClient

MCPAgent

Transport Layer

stdio Transport

HTTP/SSE Transport

WebSocket Transport

Widget System (TypeScript)

Architecture

Widget Lifecycle

Widget Example

Inspector

Observability

Architecture

Usage

Data Flow

Tool Execution Flow

Extension Points

Custom Transports

Custom Adapters

Middleware

Performance Considerations

TypeScript

Python

Security

Authentication

Tool Restrictions

Sandboxing (Python)

Learn More

Building Servers

MCP Protocol

API Reference

Examples

​Overview

​High-Level Architecture

​Core Components

​MCPServer

​MCPClient

​MCPAgent

​Transport Layer

​stdio Transport

​HTTP/SSE Transport

​WebSocket Transport

​Widget System (TypeScript)

​Architecture

​Widget Lifecycle

​Widget Example

​Inspector

​Observability

​Architecture

​Usage

​Data Flow

​Tool Execution Flow

​Extension Points

​Custom Transports

​Custom Adapters

​Middleware

​Performance Considerations

​TypeScript

​Python

​Security

​Authentication

​Tool Restrictions

​Sandboxing (Python)

​Learn More

Building Servers

MCP Protocol

API Reference

Examples

Overview

High-Level Architecture

Core Components

MCPServer

MCPClient

MCPAgent

Transport Layer

stdio Transport

HTTP/SSE Transport

WebSocket Transport

Widget System (TypeScript)

Architecture

Widget Lifecycle

Widget Example

Inspector

Observability

Architecture

Usage

Data Flow

Tool Execution Flow

Extension Points

Custom Transports

Custom Adapters

Middleware

Performance Considerations

TypeScript

Python

Security

Authentication

Tool Restrictions

Sandboxing (Python)

Learn More