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Python uses a runtime exception model: when something goes wrong, the interpreter raises an exception object that travels up the call stack until it is caught or the program terminates. Unlike Java, Python draws no formal line between checked and unchecked exceptions — every exception is simply a subclass of BaseException, and you decide which ones to handle. The result is a leaner syntax, but it puts the responsibility on you to be precise about which errors you expect.
1
Basic try-except
2
The simplest guard is a bare try / except block that catches any exception through the root Exception class. The variable after as gives you access to the exception message.
3
1.1 - Manejo de errores
try:
    10 / 0
except Exception as e:
    print(f'Ocurrió un error: {e}')
1.2 - Procesamiento de excepciones
resultado = None
a = '10'
b = 0

try:
    resultado = a / b   # TypeError: can't divide str by int
except Exception as e:
    print(f'Ocurrio un error: {e}')

print(f'El resultado es: {resultado}')
print('seguimos...')
4
Notice that execution continues after the except block — print('seguimos...') always runs because the exception was caught and the program did not crash.
5
Catching bare Exception as a permanent solution is an anti-pattern. It silences errors you did not anticipate and makes debugging much harder. Treat it as a last-resort catch-all, not a first line of defence.
6
Catching Specific Exception Types
7
Python evaluates except clauses from top to bottom and stops at the first match. Ordering matters: put the most specific types first and leave a generic fallback at the bottom only if you truly need it.
8
resultado = None

try:
    a = int(input("Digite el primer numero: "))
    b = int(input("Digite el segundo numero: "))
    resultado = a / b
except TypeError as e:
    print(f"TypeError - Ocurrio un error: {type(e)}")
except ZeroDivisionError as e:
    print(f"ZeroDivisionError - Ocurrio un error: {type(e)}")
except Exception as e:
    print(f"Exception - Ocurrio un error: {type(e)}")

print(f"El resultado es: {resultado}")
print("seguimos... ")
9
Common built-in exception types you will encounter in everyday Python code:
10
ExceptionWhen it is raisedValueErrorRight type, wrong value (e.g. int("abc"))TypeErrorOperation applied to wrong typeZeroDivisionErrorDivision or modulo by zeroFileNotFoundErrorFile does not existIndexErrorSequence index out of rangeKeyErrorDict key not presentAttributeErrorObject has no such attribute
11
Naming your exceptions precisely is a form of self-documentation. A function signature that declares except ZeroDivisionError tells every reader exactly which failure mode it handles — no need to read the implementation details.
12
else and finally Clauses
13
Two optional clauses extend the try / except structure:
14
  • else runs only when no exception was raised inside the try block. Use it for code that should run on the happy path but does not belong inside the try itself.
  • finally runs unconditionally — whether an exception was raised, caught, or never happened at all. Use it for cleanup (closing files, releasing locks, etc.).
    • 15
    from NumerosIgualesException import NumerosIgualesException

resultado = None

try:
    a = int(input('Digite el primer número: '))
    b = int(input('Digite el segundo número: '))

    if a == b:
        raise NumerosIgualesException('Son números iguales')

    resultado = a / b

except TypeError as e:
    print(f'TypeError - Ocurrió un error: {type(e)}')
except ZeroDivisionError as e:
    print(f'ZeroDivisionError - Ocurrió un error: {type(e)}')
except Exception as e:
    print(f'Exception - Ocurrió un error: {type(e)}')
else:
    print("No se arrojó ninguna excepción")
finally:                                         # Siempre se va a ejecutar
    print("Ejecución de este bloque finally")

print(f'El resultado es: {resultado}')
print('seguimos...')
    16
    The raise keyword here manually throws a custom exception before the division happens — covered in detail in the next section.
    17
    Custom Exception Classes
    18
    You can create domain-specific exception types by subclassing Exception. Give the class an __init__ that stores a human-readable message so callers can inspect it programmatically.
    19
    NumerosIgualesException.py
    class NumerosIgualesException(Exception):   # Extiende de la clase Exception
    def __init__(self, mensaje):
        self.message = mensaje
    1.6 - Raising the custom exception
    from NumerosIgualesException import NumerosIgualesException

a = int(input('Digite el primer número: '))
b = int(input('Digite el segundo número: '))

if a == b:
    raise NumerosIgualesException('Son números iguales')
    20
    Key points about custom exceptions:
    21
  • Always extend Exception (not BaseException) so the class plays nicely with generic except Exception fallbacks.
  • Store the message in self.message (or call super().__init__(mensaje) to let the base class handle it).
  • Use raise to throw the exception from anywhere — it immediately interrupts normal flow.
  • Custom exceptions make your error hierarchy self-explanatory and let callers catch only the errors your library produces.

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