Tactics - Z3 Theorem Prover

Overview

Tactics are Z3’s mechanism for composing symbolic reasoning steps into custom solving strategies. Think of tactics as transformations on goals that can be combined using tacticals (tactic combinators). From src/tactic/tactic.h:60:

Tactics process sets of formulas called Goals. When applied, four outcomes are possible:

Proves the goal satisfiable

Proves the goal unsatisfiable

Produces a sequence of subgoals

Fails

Goals

A goal is a set of formulas to be solved or transformed:

from z3 import *

x, y = Reals('x y')

# Create a goal
g = Goal()
g.add(x > 0)
g.add(y > 0)  
g.add(x == y + 2)

print(g)
# Goal:
#   x > 0
#   y > 0
#   x == y + 2

Basic Tactics

Z3 provides many built-in tactics:

simplify

Algebraic simplification and constant propagation

solve-eqs

Gaussian elimination for variable solving

split-clause

Split disjunctions into separate subgoals

smt

Main SMT solver as a tactic

bit-blast

Convert bit-vectors to Boolean formulas

sat

SAT solver for Boolean formulas

qe

Quantifier elimination

propagate-values

Propagate constant values

Applying Tactics

From examples/c++/example.cpp:515:

from z3 import *

x, y = Reals('x y')
g = Goal()
g.add(x > 0)
g.add(y > 0)
g.add(x == y + 2)

# Apply simplify tactic
t = Tactic('simplify')
result = t(g)

print(result)
# Result is an ApplyResult containing transformed goal(s)
for subgoal in result:
    print(subgoal)

Tactic Combinators (Tacticals)

Tacticals combine tactics into more complex strategies:

Sequential Composition: `Then`

Apply tactics in sequence:

from z3 import *

x, y = Reals('x y')
g = Goal()
g.add(x > 0)
g.add(y > 0)
g.add(x == y + 2)

# Apply simplify, then solve-eqs
t = Then('simplify', 'solve-eqs')
result = t(g)

print(result)

Parallel Composition: `OrElse`

Try first tactic; if it fails, try second:

from z3 import *

# Try tactic1, fall back to tactic2 if it fails
t = OrElse('simplify', 'smt')

Parallel: `ParOr`

Run tactics in parallel, return first success:

from z3 import *

# Run both tactics in parallel
t = ParOr('tactic1', 'tactic2', 'tactic3')

Repeat: `Repeat`

Repeatedly apply tactic until no progress:

from z3 import *

# Apply until fixpoint
t = Repeat('simplify')

# Apply at most n times
t = Repeat('simplify', max=5)

Conditional: `Cond`

From examples/c++/example.cpp:751:

from z3 import *

x, y, z = Ints('x y z')
g = Goal()
g.add(x*x - y*y >= 0)

# Use probe to check condition
p = Probe('num-consts')

# If more than 2 constants, use simplify; else use factor
t = Cond(p > 2, 
         Then('simplify'),
         Then('factor'))

result = t(g)
print(result)

Probes

Probes measure properties of goals to guide tactic selection:

from z3 import *

x, y, z = Ints('x y z')
g = Goal()
g.add(x + y + z > 0)

# Common probes
num_consts = Probe('num-consts')
num_exprs = Probe('num-exprs')
is_qflia = Probe('is-qflia')  # Quantifier-free linear integer arithmetic

print(f"Constants: {num_consts(g)}")
print(f"Expressions: {num_exprs(g)}")
print(f"Is QF_LIA: {is_qflia(g)}")

Probe Combinators

from z3 import *

p1 = Probe('num-consts')
p2 = Probe('size')

# Boolean operations
probe = And(p1 > 10, p2 < 100)

# Arithmetic
probe = p1 + p2
probe = p1 * 2

Split-Clause Example

From examples/c++/example.cpp:549:

from z3 import *

x, y = Reals('x y')
g = Goal()
g.add(Or(x < 0, x > 0))  # Disjunction
g.add(x == y + 1)
g.add(y < 0)

# Split clause into multiple subgoals
t = Tactic('split-clause')
result = t(g)

# Creates subgoals for each disjunct
for i, subgoal in enumerate(result):
    print(f"Subgoal {i}:")
    print(subgoal)

Creating Custom Solvers

From examples/c++/example.cpp:599:

Bit-Vector Solver

from z3 import *

# Build specialized bit-vector solver
t = Then(
    With('simplify', mul2concat=True),
    'solve-eqs',
    'bit-blast',
    'aig',        # And-Inverted Graphs compression
    'sat'
)

# Convert to solver
s = t.solver()

x = BitVec('x', 16)
y = BitVec('y', 16)

s.add(x*32 + y == 13)
s.add((x & y) < 10)
s.add(y > -100)

if s.check() == sat:
    m = s.model()
    print(f"x = {m[x]}, y = {m[y]}")

Integer Arithmetic via SAT

From examples/c++/example.cpp:649:

from z3 import *

# Solve bounded integer arithmetic using SAT
t = Then(
    With('simplify', arith_lhs=True, som=True),
    'normalize-bounds',
    'lia2pb',      # Linear integer arithmetic to pseudo-Boolean
    'pb2bv',       # Pseudo-Boolean to bit-vectors
    'bit-blast',
    'sat'
)

s = t.solver()

x, y, z = Ints('x y z')
s.add(x > 0, x < 10)
s.add(y > 0, y < 10)
s.add(z > 0, z < 10)
s.add(3*y + 2*x == z)

print(s.check())
print(s.model())

Tactic Parameters

Configure tactics using With:

from z3 import *

# Configure simplify with parameters
t = With('simplify',
         som=True,              # Sum-of-monomials form
         pull_cheap_ite=True,   # Pull cheap if-then-else  
         push_ite_bv=True,      # Push if-then-else over bit-vectors
         local_ctx=True,        # Use local context simplifier
         flat=False)            # Don't flatten nested operations

g = Goal()
x = Int('x')
g.add(x + x + x > 0)

result = t(g)
print(result)

Using Tactics with Goals and Model Conversion

From examples/c++/example.cpp:680:

from z3 import *

# Apply tactic to goal
t = Then('simplify', 'normalize-bounds', 'solve-eqs')

x, y, z = Ints('x y z')
g = Goal()
g.add(x > 10)
g.add(y == x + 3)
g.add(z > y)

result = t(g)
print("Transformed goal:")
print(result)

# Solve transformed subgoal
s = Solver()
for formula in result[0]:
    s.add(formula)

if s.check() == sat:
    m = s.model()
    print("Model for subgoal:", m)
    
    # Convert back to original goal
    original_model = result[0].convert_model(m)
    print("Model for original:", original_model)

Fail-If with Probes

From examples/c++/example.cpp:715:

from z3 import *

x, y, z = Ints('x y z')
g = Goal()
g.add(x + y + z > 0)

# Probe: number of constants
p = Probe('num-consts')
print(f"Number of constants: {p(g)}")

# Fail if goal has more than 2 constants
t = Then(
    FailIf(p > 2),
    'simplify'
)

try:
    result = t(g)
    print(result)
except Z3Exception as e:
    print(f"Tactic failed: {e}")

When Combinator

from z3 import *

# Only apply tactic if condition holds
p = Probe('num-consts')
t = When(p > 5, 'simplify')

# Equivalent to:
t = Cond(p > 5, Then('simplify'), Then('skip'))

Try-For (Timeout)

from z3 import *

# Apply tactic with timeout (milliseconds)
t = TryFor('smt', 5000)  # 5 second timeout

# If timeout, tactic fails

List Available Tactics

from z3 import *

# Get all tactic names
tactics = tactics()
for name in tactics:
    print(name)

# Get tactic description
print(describe_tactics())

Common Tactic Pipelines

Quantifier Elimination

from z3 import *

t = Then('qe', 'smt')
s = t.solver()

a, b, x = Ints('a b x')
f = ForAll(x, Implies(x <= a, x < b))

s.add(f)
print(s.check())
print(s.model())

Simplification Pipeline

from z3 import *

t = Then(
    'simplify',
    'propagate-values',
    'solve-eqs',
    'elim-uncnstr',  # Eliminate unconstrained variables
    'simplify'
)

Parallel Split Strategy

from z3 import *

# Split into subgoals and solve in parallel
t = ParThen(
    Repeat(OrElse('split-clause', 'skip')),
    'smt'
)

Tactic Help

from z3 import *

# Get help for a specific tactic
print(Tactic('simplify').help())

# Get parameter descriptions
print(Tactic('simplify').param_descrs())

Best Practices

Start simple

Begin with built-in tactics before creating complex pipelines.

Use probes wisely

Probes help select appropriate tactics based on problem structure.

Profile your tactics

Measure performance to find bottlenecks:

import time
start = time.time()
result = t(g)
print(f"Time: {time.time() - start}")

Consider solver directly

For simple problems, the default Solver() is often sufficient.

Limitations

Tactics don’t support all solver features (e.g., push/pop)
Model conversion can be expensive for complex pipelines
Some tactics may not preserve equivalence (only equisatisfiability)
Interactive features like check-sat-assuming are limited

Solvers

Standard solver interface

SMT Solving

Core SMT concepts

Models

Working with solutions

References

Tactic framework: src/tactic/tactic.h
Tactic API: src/api/api_tactic.cpp
Built-in tactics: src/tactic/*/
Examples: examples/c++/example.cpp:515-782
Paper: “The Strategy Challenge in SMT Solving”

Getting Started

Core Concepts

Building Z3

Guides

Documentation Index

​Overview

​Goals

​Basic Tactics

simplify

solve-eqs

split-clause

smt

bit-blast

sat

qe

propagate-values

​Applying Tactics

​Tactic Combinators (Tacticals)

​Sequential Composition: Then

​Parallel Composition: OrElse

​Parallel: ParOr

​Repeat: Repeat

​Conditional: Cond

​Probes

​Probe Combinators

​Split-Clause Example

​Creating Custom Solvers

​Bit-Vector Solver

​Integer Arithmetic via SAT

​Tactic Parameters

​Using Tactics with Goals and Model Conversion

​Fail-If with Probes

​When Combinator

​Try-For (Timeout)

​List Available Tactics

​Common Tactic Pipelines

​Quantifier Elimination

​Simplification Pipeline

​Parallel Split Strategy

​Tactic Help

​Best Practices

​Limitations

​Related Topics

Solvers

SMT Solving

Models

​References

Build docs developers (and LLMs) love

Overview

Goals

Basic Tactics

Applying Tactics

Tactic Combinators (Tacticals)

Sequential Composition: `Then`

Parallel Composition: `OrElse`

Parallel: `ParOr`

Repeat: `Repeat`

Conditional: `Cond`

Probes

Probe Combinators

Split-Clause Example

Creating Custom Solvers

Bit-Vector Solver

Integer Arithmetic via SAT

Tactic Parameters

Using Tactics with Goals and Model Conversion

Fail-If with Probes

When Combinator

Try-For (Timeout)

List Available Tactics

Common Tactic Pipelines

Quantifier Elimination

Simplification Pipeline

Parallel Split Strategy

Tactic Help

Best Practices

Limitations

Related Topics

References