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Documentation Index

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The appraisal value in Avalúo Vehicular is not a subjective estimate — it is the result of multiplying a vehicle’s market reference price (precio_referencial) by three independent depreciation factors that quantify age, usage, and physical condition. Each factor produces a coefficient between 0 and 1 representing the percentage of value retained in that dimension. The three factors are then combined with a replacement-cost markup and a residual-value floor to produce a final, auditable final_estimacion figure stored in the avaluo table.

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Final Value Formula

The complete calculation is performed in AvaluoController::index(). All three factors are computed first, then the final value is assembled: 
// app/Http/Controllers/Registro/AvaluoController.php

$factor_c = $this->evaluar_inspeccion($vehiculo->id);  // Factor C — inspection
$factor_a = $this->DepreciacionModelo($vehiculo->id);  // Factor A — model age
$factor_b = $this->DepreciacionKilometraje($vehiculo->id); // Factor B — mileage

$p = $vehiculo->precio_referencial;
$factorReposicion = 1.2;

$valorAvaluo = $p * $factor_c * $factor_a * $factor_b * $factorReposicion;

$valorResidualVehiculo = $vehiculo->precio_referencial * 0.107;

$valorFinal = max($valorAvaluo, $valorResidualVehiculo);
if ($valorFinal >= $vehiculo->precio_referencial) {
    $valorFinal = $p * $factor_c * $factor_a * $factor_b;
}
Expressed as pseudocode: 
valorAvaluo    = precio_referencial × factor_C × factor_A × factor_B × factor_reposicion (1.2)
valorResidual  = precio_referencial × 0.107

valorFinal     = max(valorAvaluo, valorResidual)

if valorFinal >= precio_referencial:
    valorFinal = precio_referencial × factor_C × factor_A × factor_B
The final if guard ensures the appraised value never equals or exceeds the original reference price. If the combination of factors and the 20 % replacement markup would push the result above market value, the markup factor is dropped and only the raw depreciation factors are applied.

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Factor A — Depreciation by Model Age (depre_modelo)

Factor A penalises a vehicle for calendar age. The older the vehicle, the lower the factor. The rate of decay is brand-specific: premium brands typically carry a lower tasa_k (slower annual depreciation), while economy brands may depreciate faster. Formula: 
antigüedad = current_year − año_fabricacion
factor_A   = max(1 − (tasa_k × antigüedad), valor_residual)
  • tasa_k — annual depreciation rate, stored per brand in marca_vehiculo.tasa_k
  • valor_residual — minimum factor floor for that brand, stored in marca_vehiculo.valor_residual; prevents factor_A from reaching zero no matter how old the vehicle is
PHP implementation: 
// app/Http/Controllers/Registro/AvaluoController.php

public function DepreciacionModelo($id)
{
    $vehiculo = Vehiculo::where('id', $id)->first();
    $marca = MarcaVehiculo::where('id', $vehiculo->id_marca)->first();

    $añoActual = now()->format('Y');
    $añoFabricacion = $vehiculo->año_fabricacion;

    $antiguedad = $añoActual - $añoFabricacion;

    $tasa_k = $marca->tasa_k;
    $valorResidual = $marca->valor_residual;

    $depreciacionModelo = max(1 - ($tasa_k * $antiguedad), $valorResidual);

    return $depreciacionModelo;
}
Example: A brand with tasa_k = 0.08 and valor_residual = 0.20 on a vehicle that is 5 years old: 
factor_A = max(1 − (0.08 × 5), 0.20) = max(0.60, 0.20) = 0.60

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Factor B — Depreciation by Mileage (depre_kilometraje)

Factor B penalises a vehicle for total distance driven. The formula uses a fixed universal rate of 0.000001 per kilometre (i.e. each 1,000 km reduces the factor by 0.001), with a hard floor of 0.05 so that even extremely high-mileage vehicles retain 5 % of their value under this dimension. Formula: 
factor_B = max(1 − (0.000001 × kilometraje), 0.05)
PHP implementation: 
// app/Http/Controllers/Registro/AvaluoController.php

public function DepreciacionKilometraje($id)
{
    $vehiculo = Vehiculo::where('id', $id)->first();
    $kilometraje = (int) $vehiculo->kilometraje;

    $depreciacionKilometraje = max(1 - (0.000001 * $kilometraje), 0.05);

    return $depreciacionKilometraje;
}
Example: A vehicle with 50,000 km on the odometer: 
factor_B = max(1 − (0.000001 × 50,000), 0.05) = max(0.95, 0.05) = 0.95

​
Factor C — Depreciation by Inspection (depre_inspeccion)

Factor C is the most complex factor. It is a weighted composite of two sub-scores:
  • Tecnica (65 %) — derived from the mechanical/technical systems inspection (sistemas table)
  • Fallas (35 %) — derived from the visual fault inspection (inspeccion table)
Formula: 
factor_C  = (pesoTecnica × Tecnica + pesoFallas × fallas) / 100

pesoTecnica = 65
pesoFallas  = 35

Tecnica     = 1 − Σ(valoracion × estado)   for all sistema rows
fallas      = 1 − Σ(valoracion)             for inspeccion rows where tiene = 1

​
Tecnica Sub-Score

Each mechanical system row has a valoracion (its weight in the overall technical assessment) and an estado (a JSON-encoded condition value). The product of each component’s weight and condition state is summed, then subtracted from 1 to give the retained condition factor. 
// app/Http/Controllers/Registro/AvaluoController.php

public function Tecnica($id)
{
    $vehiculo = Vehiculo::where('id', $id)->first();
    $tecnicas = Sistema::where('id_vehiculo', $vehiculo->id)->get();
    $valorTecnicas = 0;

    foreach ($tecnicas as $tecnica) {
        if ($tecnica->valoracion != null) {
            $valorTecnicas += $tecnica->valoracion * $tecnica->estado;
        }
    }

    return 1 - $valorTecnicas;
}

​
Fallas Sub-Score

For fault inspections, only rows where tiene = 1 (the fault is present) contribute to the deduction. Their valoracion weights are summed and subtracted from 1.

​
Combined Factor C

// app/Http/Controllers/Registro/AvaluoController.php

public function evaluar_inspeccion($id)
{
    $pesoFallas   = 35; // weight assigned to fault inspection
    $pesoTecnica  = 65; // weight assigned to technical inspection
    $inspeccion   = Inspeccion::where('id_vehiculo', $id)->get();

    $Tecnica = $this->Tecnica($id);

    $data = $inspeccion->toArray();
    $suma = 0;
    foreach ($data as $item) {
        if ($item['tiene'] == 1) {
            $suma += $item['valoracion'];
        }
    }
    $fallas = 1 - $suma;

    $total = round(($pesoTecnica * $Tecnica + $pesoFallas * $fallas) / 100, 3);

    return $total;
}
Example: A vehicle where the technical score is 0.90 and faults reduce the fallas score to 0.85: 
factor_C = (65 × 0.90 + 35 × 0.85) / 100
         = (58.5 + 29.75) / 100
         = 88.25 / 100
         = 0.883 (rounded to 3 decimal places)

​
Factor Reposicion

The replacement cost factor is a fixed constant of 1.2 applied to account for the 20 % premium typically required to source and install a comparable replacement vehicle (transport, import duties, registration). It is stored in avaluo.factor_reposicion for auditability. 
$factorReposicion = 1.2;
$valorAvaluo = $p * $factor_c * $factor_a * $factor_b * $factorReposicion;
The factor is only applied in the valorAvaluo computation. The final guard removes it if the result would equal or exceed the reference price — ensuring the replacement markup never inflates the appraisal beyond market value.

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Residual Value Floor

No vehicle can be appraised below 10.7 % of its reference price, regardless of age, mileage, or inspection results. This floor protects appraisals of heavily worn or very old vehicles from yielding unrealistically low values. 
$valorResidualVehiculo = $vehiculo->precio_referencial * 0.107;
$valorFinal = max($valorAvaluo, $valorResidualVehiculo);

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Complete Worked Example

ParameterValue
precio_referencial$10,000
tasa_k (brand)0.08
valor_residual (brand)0.20
año_fabricacion5 years ago
kilometraje50,000 km
Tecnica sub-score0.90
fallas sub-score0.85
Step 1 — Factor A (age): 
factor_A = max(1 − (0.08 × 5), 0.20) = max(0.60, 0.20) = 0.600
Step 2 — Factor B (mileage): 
factor_B = max(1 − (0.000001 × 50,000), 0.05) = max(0.95, 0.05) = 0.950
Step 3 — Factor C (inspection): 
factor_C = (65 × 0.90 + 35 × 0.85) / 100 = 88.25 / 100 = 0.883
Step 4 — Appraisal value with replacement markup: 
valorAvaluo = 10,000 × 0.883 × 0.600 × 0.950 × 1.2
            = 10,000 × 0.603972
            = $6,039.72
Step 5 — Residual floor check: 
valorResidual = 10,000 × 0.107 = $1,070
valorFinal    = max(6,039.72, 1,070) = $6,039.72
Step 6 — Reference price ceiling check: 
6,039.72 < 10,000  → no adjustment needed
Final appraisal value: $6,039.72
Brand-specific depreciation rates (tasa_k and valor_residual) are managed by administrators at /admin/depreciation (the MarcaVehiculo management panel). Adjusting these rates immediately affects all future appraisal calculations for vehicles of that brand. See the Data Model Reference for the full MarcaVehiculo field list.

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