Sankey Diagram

Sankey diagrams visualize the flow of resources, energy, or information between nodes. The width of each link represents the magnitude of flow, making it ideal for showing how quantities are distributed and transformed across a system.

When to Use

Use Sankey diagrams when you need to:

Visualize energy or material flows in systems
Show user journey flows and conversion funnels
Display budget allocations and fund transfers
Illustrate supply chain flows and logistics
Represent data transformations and ETL pipelines
Show traffic flow and network bandwidth usage

Basic Configuration

A Sankey diagram requires nodes and links (edges) data where each link has a numeric value determining its width.

option = {
  series: [{
    type: 'sankey',
    data: [
      { name: 'A' },
      { name: 'B' },
      { name: 'C' },
      { name: 'D' }
    ],
    links: [
      { source: 'A', target: 'B', value: 10 },
      { source: 'A', target: 'C', value: 15 },
      { source: 'B', target: 'D', value: 8 },
      { source: 'C', target: 'D', value: 12 }
    ]
  }]
};

Complete Example

Here’s a comprehensive example showing an energy flow diagram:

option = {
  title: {
    text: 'Energy Flow Sankey Diagram'
  },
  tooltip: {
    trigger: 'item',
    triggerOn: 'mousemove',
    formatter: function(params) {
      if (params.dataType === 'edge') {
        return `${params.data.source} → ${params.data.target}<br/>Flow: ${params.value} TWh`;
      }
      return `${params.name}<br/>Total: ${params.value} TWh`;
    }
  },
  series: [{
    type: 'sankey',
    
    // Node data
    data: [
      // Energy sources
      { name: 'Coal', depth: 0 },
      { name: 'Natural Gas', depth: 0 },
      { name: 'Nuclear', depth: 0 },
      { name: 'Renewables', depth: 0 },
      
      // Conversion/transmission
      { name: 'Electricity', depth: 1 },
      { name: 'Heat', depth: 1 },
      
      // End use
      { name: 'Residential', depth: 2 },
      { name: 'Commercial', depth: 2 },
      { name: 'Industrial', depth: 2 },
      { name: 'Transport', depth: 2 }
    ],
    
    // Links (flows)
    links: [
      // Sources to conversion
      { source: 'Coal', target: 'Electricity', value: 150 },
      { source: 'Coal', target: 'Heat', value: 50 },
      { source: 'Natural Gas', target: 'Electricity', value: 100 },
      { source: 'Natural Gas', target: 'Heat', value: 80 },
      { source: 'Nuclear', target: 'Electricity', value: 90 },
      { source: 'Renewables', target: 'Electricity', value: 120 },
      
      // Conversion to end use
      { source: 'Electricity', target: 'Residential', value: 140 },
      { source: 'Electricity', target: 'Commercial', value: 100 },
      { source: 'Electricity', target: 'Industrial', value: 180 },
      { source: 'Electricity', target: 'Transport', value: 40 },
      { source: 'Heat', target: 'Residential', value: 60 },
      { source: 'Heat', target: 'Commercial', value: 40 },
      { source: 'Heat', target: 'Industrial', value: 30 }
    ],
    
    // Layout orientation
    orient: 'horizontal',
    
    // Node alignment
    nodeAlign: 'justify',
    
    // Node dimensions
    nodeWidth: 20,
    nodeGap: 8,
    
    // Layout iterations
    layoutIterations: 32,
    
    // Enable dragging
    draggable: true,
    
    // Enable roam (zoom and pan)
    roam: true,
    
    // Layout position
    left: '5%',
    right: '20%',
    top: '5%',
    bottom: '5%',
    
    // Node label
    label: {
      show: true,
      position: 'right',
      fontSize: 12,
      color: '#333'
    },
    
    // Edge label
    edgeLabel: {
      show: false,
      fontSize: 10,
      formatter: '{c} TWh'
    },
    
    // Item style for nodes
    itemStyle: {
      borderWidth: 1,
      borderColor: '#aaa'
    },
    
    // Line style for edges
    lineStyle: {
      color: 'gradient',  // gradient from source to target
      opacity: 0.3,
      curveness: 0.5
    },
    
    // Emphasis (hover) state
    emphasis: {
      focus: 'trajectory',  // highlight the flow path
      label: {
        show: true,
        fontSize: 14,
        fontWeight: 'bold'
      },
      lineStyle: {
        opacity: 0.6
      }
    },
    
    // Level-specific styling
    levels: [
      {
        depth: 0,
        itemStyle: {
          color: '#fbb4ae'
        },
        label: {
          position: 'left'
        }
      },
      {
        depth: 1,
        itemStyle: {
          color: '#b3cde3'
        }
      },
      {
        depth: 2,
        itemStyle: {
          color: '#ccebc5'
        },
        label: {
          position: 'right'
        }
      }
    ]
  }]
};

Key Options

Node Data

series.data

SankeyNodeItemOption[]

Array of node data. From SankeySeries.ts:73-86, 142

Show node properties

name

string

Node name, used as identifier.

depth

number

Node depth (column index) for manual positioning.

localX

number

X position within the layout.

localY

number

Y position within the layout.

itemStyle

ItemStyleOption

Visual style for this node.

label

SeriesLabelOption

Label configuration for this node.

draggable

boolean

Whether this node can be dragged.

Edge Data

series.links

SankeyEdgeItemOption[]

Array of link (edge) data. From SankeySeries.ts:88-94, 145

Show link properties

source

string | number

Source node name or index.

target

string | number

Target node name or index.

value

number

Flow value determining link width. Required.

lineStyle

SankeyEdgeStyleOption

Style for this link.

edgeLabel

SeriesLabelOption

Label for this link.

Layout Configuration

series.orient

'horizontal' | 'vertical'

default:"'horizontal'"

Layout orientation. From SankeySeries.ts:116, 313

'horizontal': Nodes flow from left to right
'vertical': Nodes flow from top to bottom

series.nodeAlign

'justify' | 'left' | 'right'

default:"'justify'"

Node alignment strategy. From SankeySeries.ts:140, 341

'justify': Spread nodes to justify within the layout
'left': Align all nodes to the left
'right': Align all nodes to the right

series.nodeWidth

number

default:"20"

Width of node rectangles in pixels. From SankeySeries.ts:120, 315

series.nodeGap

number

default:"8"

Vertical gap between nodes in pixels. From SankeySeries.ts:124, 317

series.layoutIterations

number

default:"32"

Number of iterations for layout optimization. From SankeySeries.ts:138, 320Higher values may produce better layouts but take longer to compute.

Interaction

series.draggable

boolean

default:"true"

Whether nodes can be dragged to adjust positions. From SankeySeries.ts:129, 318

series.roam

boolean | 'scale' | 'move'

default:"false"

Whether to enable zoom and pan. From SankeySeries.ts:323

Labels

series.label

object

Node label configuration. From SankeySeries.ts:328-332

Show properties

show

boolean

default:"true"

Whether to show node labels.

position

string

default:"'right'"

Label position relative to node.

fontSize

number

default:"12"

Font size.

series.edgeLabel

object

Edge label configuration. From SankeySeries.ts:150-152, 334-337

Show properties

show

boolean

default:"false"

Whether to show edge labels.

position

'inside'

default:"'inside'"

Label position on the edge.

fontSize

number

default:"12"

Font size.

Line Style

series.lineStyle

object

Style for edge lines. From SankeySeries.ts:63-65, 343-347

Show properties

color

string

default:"'#aaa'"

Line color. Can be ‘source’, ‘target’, or ‘gradient’.

opacity

number

default:"0.2"

Line opacity (0-1).

curveness

number

default:"0.5"

Curvature of the links (0-1).

Emphasis

series.emphasis.focus

'self' | 'adjacency' | 'trajectory'

What to highlight on hover. From SankeySeries.ts:69

'self': Only the hovered element
'adjacency': Connected nodes and edges
'trajectory': The complete flow path

series.emphasis

object

Emphasis state styling. From SankeySeries.ts:349-356

Show properties

label.show

boolean

default:"true"

Show label on hover.

lineStyle.opacity

number

default:"0.5"

Edge opacity on hover.

Levels

series.levels

SankeyLevelOption[]

Depth-level specific configurations. From SankeySeries.ts:96-98, 148, 339Each level configuration applies to all nodes at that depth.

Show level properties

depth

number

The depth (column) this configuration applies to. Required.

itemStyle

ItemStyleOption

Node style for this level.

label

SeriesLabelOption

Label style for this level.

lineStyle

LineStyleOption

Edge style for edges starting from this level.

Layout Box

series.left

string | number

default:"'5%'"

Distance from left edge. From SankeySeries.ts:308

series.top

string | number

default:"'5%'"

Distance from top edge. From SankeySeries.ts:309

series.right

string | number

default:"'20%'"

Distance from right edge. From SankeySeries.ts:310

series.bottom

string | number

default:"'5%'"

Distance from bottom edge. From SankeySeries.ts:311

Advanced Features

Gradient Coloring

Set lineStyle.color: 'gradient' to create a gradient from the source node color to the target node color:

lineStyle: {
  color: 'gradient',
  opacity: 0.3
}

Custom Node Positioning

Use depth, localX, and localY in node data for manual positioning:

data: [
  { name: 'A', depth: 0, localY: 100 },
  { name: 'B', depth: 1, localY: 200 }
]

Focus Modes

Different focus modes highlight different parts of the diagram:

adjacency: Shows immediate connections
trajectory: Shows the complete flow path through the network

Best Practices

Use meaningful node names that clearly identify each stage
Set appropriate nodeGap to prevent node overlap
Use levels to apply consistent styling to each depth level
Enable draggable to let users optimize node positions
Set lineStyle.color: 'gradient' for visually appealing flow visualization
Use emphasis.focus: 'trajectory' to highlight complete flow paths
Consider orient: 'vertical' for processes that naturally flow top-to-bottom
Increase layoutIterations for complex diagrams to improve automatic layout
Use nodeAlign: 'justify' for balanced layouts, or ‘left’/‘right’ for aligned layouts
Show edge labels only when the values are essential (can get cluttered)

Basic Charts

Advanced Charts

Statistical Charts

Special Charts

When to Use

Basic Configuration

Complete Example

Key Options

Node Data

Edge Data

Layout Configuration

Interaction

Labels

Line Style

Emphasis

Levels

Layout Box

Advanced Features

Gradient Coloring

Custom Node Positioning

Focus Modes

Best Practices

Build docs developers (and LLMs) love

Basic Charts

Advanced Charts

Statistical Charts

Special Charts

Documentation Index

​When to Use

​Basic Configuration

​Complete Example

​Key Options

​Node Data

​Edge Data

​Layout Configuration

​Interaction

​Labels

​Line Style

​Emphasis

​Levels

​Layout Box

​Advanced Features

​Gradient Coloring

​Custom Node Positioning

​Focus Modes

​Best Practices

Build docs developers (and LLMs) love

When to Use

Basic Configuration

Complete Example

Key Options

Node Data

Edge Data

Layout Configuration

Interaction

Labels

Line Style

Emphasis

Levels

Layout Box

Advanced Features

Gradient Coloring

Custom Node Positioning

Focus Modes

Best Practices