Code Style Guide

DeerFlow follows consistent code style guidelines to ensure maintainability and readability across the codebase.

Python Code Style

Style Tools

We use Ruff for both linting and formatting:

Linter: Catches code quality issues, unused imports, and potential bugs
Formatter: Ensures consistent code formatting across the project

Ruff Configuration

Configuration is defined in backend/ruff.toml:

line-length = 240
target-version = "py312"

[lint]
select = ["E", "F", "I", "UP"]
ignore = []

[format]
quote-style = "double"
indent-style = "space"

Configuration Details

Line Length: 240 characters

Longer than PEP 8’s 79 characters
Allows for more readable complex expressions
Reduces need for line continuations
Modern wide-screen displays accommodate longer lines

Target Version: Python 3.12+

Uses latest Python features
Ruff suggests modern syntax improvements

Lint Rules:

E - pycodestyle error rules
F - Pyflakes rules (undefined names, unused imports)
I - isort import sorting rules
UP - pyupgrade rules (syntax modernization)

Quote Style: Double quotes (")

Consistent with JSON and YAML
More readable for strings containing apostrophes

Indent Style: Spaces (4 spaces per level)

Standard Python indentation
More consistent across editors

Running Ruff

From the backend/ directory:

# Check for linting issues
make lint
# or
uvx ruff check .

# Format code and fix auto-fixable issues
make format
# or
uvx ruff check . --fix && uvx ruff format .

# Format code only
uvx ruff format .

# Check specific file
uvx ruff check src/agents/lead_agent/agent.py

# Format specific file
uvx ruff format src/agents/lead_agent/agent.py

Pre-commit Integration

Run Ruff automatically before committing:

# .pre-commit-config.yaml
repos:
  - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
    rev: v0.14.11
    hooks:
      - id: ruff
        args: [--fix]
      - id: ruff-format

Install pre-commit hooks:

pip install pre-commit
pre-commit install

Python Style Guidelines

Type Hints

Always use type hints for function parameters and return values:

# Good
def process_message(message: str, thread_id: str) -> dict[str, Any]:
    return {"status": "success", "thread_id": thread_id}

# Bad
def process_message(message, thread_id):
    return {"status": "success", "thread_id": thread_id}

For complex types, use typing module:

from typing import Any, Optional
from collections.abc import Sequence

def get_tools(
    groups: Sequence[str],
    include_mcp: bool = True,
    model_name: Optional[str] = None,
) -> list[Any]:
    pass

Imports

Order imports using isort rules (automatically handled by Ruff):

Standard library imports
Third-party imports
Local application imports

# Standard library
import os
import sys
from pathlib import Path

# Third-party
import httpx
import yaml
from fastapi import FastAPI
from langchain_core.messages import AIMessage

# Local
from src.agents.thread_state import ThreadState
from src.config import get_app_config

Use absolute imports for project modules:

# Good
from src.agents.lead_agent import make_lead_agent
from src.sandbox.local import LocalSandboxProvider

# Bad (relative imports)
from ..lead_agent import make_lead_agent
from .local import LocalSandboxProvider

Naming Conventions

Modules and packages: lowercase_with_underscores

src/agents/middlewares/
src/sandbox/tools.py

Classes: PascalCase

class ThreadState:
    pass

class LocalSandboxProvider:
    pass

Functions and variables: lowercase_with_underscores

def create_chat_model(name: str) -> Any:
    pass

thread_id = "abc123"
max_concurrent_subagents = 3

Constants: UPPERCASE_WITH_UNDERSCORES

MAX_CONCURRENT_SUBAGENTS = 3
DEFAULT_TIMEOUT = 15 * 60
KUBECONFIG_PATH = "/etc/k8s/config"

Private attributes: Prefix with single underscore

class Client:
    def __init__(self):
        self._agent = None
        self._model_name = None

Docstrings

Use docstrings for modules, classes, and functions:

def create_chat_model(name: str, thinking_enabled: bool = False) -> Any:
    """Create a chat model instance from configuration.
    
    Args:
        name: Model name as defined in config.yaml
        thinking_enabled: Whether to enable extended thinking mode
    
    Returns:
        Instantiated chat model object
    
    Raises:
        ValueError: If model name not found in configuration
    """
    pass

For simple functions, a one-line docstring is sufficient:

def get_thread_path(thread_id: str) -> Path:
    """Get the filesystem path for a thread's data directory."""
    return Path(f".deer-flow/threads/{thread_id}")

Comments

Use comments sparingly - prefer self-documenting code:

# Good: Code is self-explanatory
if model.supports_vision and image_data:
    messages.append(create_image_message(image_data))

# Bad: Comment states the obvious
# Check if model supports vision and image data exists
if model.supports_vision and image_data:
    # Append image message
    messages.append(create_image_message(image_data))

Use comments for complex logic:

# Virtual path system maps agent-visible paths to physical locations:
#   /mnt/user-data/{workspace,uploads,outputs} -> backend/.deer-flow/threads/{thread_id}/user-data/...
#   /mnt/skills -> deer-flow/skills/
def replace_virtual_path(virtual_path: str, thread_id: str) -> str:
    pass

Function Length

Keep functions focused - aim for functions under 50 lines:

# Good: Single responsibility
def validate_config(config: dict) -> None:
    """Validate configuration schema."""
    if not config.get("models"):
        raise ValueError("No models configured")
    validate_model_configs(config["models"])
    validate_tool_configs(config.get("tools", []))

def validate_model_configs(models: list) -> None:
    """Validate model configurations."""
    for model in models:
        if not model.get("name"):
            raise ValueError("Model missing name")
        # ...

Error Handling

Use specific exceptions:

# Good
if not config_path.exists():
    raise FileNotFoundError(f"Config file not found: {config_path}")

if not api_key:
    raise ValueError("API key required for OpenAI models")

# Bad
if not config_path.exists():
    raise Exception("Config file not found")

Provide context in error messages:

# Good
raise ValueError(
    f"Model '{model_name}' not found in configuration. "
    f"Available models: {', '.join(available_models)}"
)

# Bad
raise ValueError("Model not found")

String Formatting

Use f-strings for string formatting:

# Good
path = f"/mnt/user-data/{thread_id}/workspace"
message = f"Processing {len(items)} items"

# Acceptable for very simple cases
path = "/mnt/user-data/" + thread_id + "/workspace"

# Bad (outdated)
path = "/mnt/user-data/{}/workspace".format(thread_id)
path = "/mnt/user-data/%s/workspace" % thread_id

Dictionary and List Handling

Use dict.get() with defaults:

# Good
api_key = config.get("api_key", os.getenv("OPENAI_API_KEY"))
max_tokens = config.get("max_tokens", 2000)

# Bad (raises KeyError if missing)
api_key = config["api_key"]

Use comprehensions for simple transformations:

# Good
enabled_skills = [s for s in skills if s.enabled]
model_names = [m.name for m in config.models]

# Bad (verbose)
enabled_skills = []
for s in skills:
    if s.enabled:
        enabled_skills.append(s)

Context Managers

Use context managers for resource management:

# Good
with open(config_path) as f:
    config = yaml.safe_load(f)

with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
    process_files(tmpdir)

# Bad (resource leak risk)
f = open(config_path)
config = yaml.safe_load(f)
f.close()

Data Classes

Use Pydantic models for configuration and data validation:

from pydantic import BaseModel, Field

class ModelConfig(BaseModel):
    """Configuration for a single LLM model."""
    
    name: str
    display_name: str
    use: str = Field(..., description="Module path to model class")
    api_key: str | None = None
    supports_thinking: bool = False
    supports_vision: bool = False

Frontend Code Style

TypeScript Guidelines

The frontend uses TypeScript with ESLint and Prettier:

# From frontend/ directory

# Run linter
pnpm lint

# Run linter with auto-fix
pnpm lint:fix

# Format code
pnpm format

TypeScript Style Highlights

Interfaces over types for object shapes
Explicit return types for functions
Functional components with hooks
Named exports for components
Async/await over promises

Documentation Standards

Code Documentation Policy

CRITICAL: Always update documentation after code changes When making code changes:

Update README.md for user-facing changes
Update CLAUDE.md for development/architecture changes
Update inline code documentation
Update API documentation if endpoints change
Add migration notes for breaking changes

Documentation Format

Use clear, concise language
Include code examples
Explain why, not just what
Keep documentation in sync with code
Use proper Markdown formatting

Linting CI Integration

Linting runs automatically in CI:

# In CI pipeline
cd backend
make lint

# Must pass for PR approval

Fix linting issues before pushing:

# Fix issues automatically
make format

# Check remaining issues
make lint

Configuration Files Reference

Backend Configuration

backend/ruff.toml - Ruff linter and formatter configuration

line-length = 240
target-version = "py312"

[lint]
select = ["E", "F", "I", "UP"]
ignore = []

[format]
quote-style = "double"
indent-style = "space"

backend/pyproject.toml - Python project metadata and dependencies

[project]
name = "deer-flow"
version = "0.1.0"
requires-python = ">=3.12"

[dependency-groups]
dev = ["pytest>=8.0.0", "ruff>=0.14.11"]

Style Checklist

Before committing code:

Run make format to auto-fix style issues
Run make lint to check for remaining issues
Run make test to ensure tests pass
All functions have type hints
Complex logic has explanatory comments
Public functions have docstrings
Imports are organized (automatic with Ruff)
No unused imports or variables
Documentation updated if needed

Architecture

Development

Troubleshooting

Python Code Style

Style Tools

Ruff Configuration

Configuration Details

Running Ruff

Pre-commit Integration

Python Style Guidelines

Type Hints

Imports

Naming Conventions

Docstrings

Comments

Function Length

Error Handling

String Formatting

Dictionary and List Handling

Context Managers

Data Classes

Frontend Code Style

TypeScript Guidelines

TypeScript Style Highlights

Documentation Standards

Code Documentation Policy

Documentation Format

Linting CI Integration

Configuration Files Reference

Backend Configuration

Style Checklist

Resources

Build docs developers (and LLMs) love

Architecture

Development

Troubleshooting

Documentation Index

​Python Code Style

​Style Tools

​Ruff Configuration

​Configuration Details

​Running Ruff

​Pre-commit Integration

​Python Style Guidelines

​Type Hints

​Imports

​Naming Conventions

​Docstrings

​Comments

​Function Length

​Error Handling

​String Formatting

​Dictionary and List Handling

​Context Managers

​Data Classes

​Frontend Code Style

​TypeScript Guidelines

​TypeScript Style Highlights

​Documentation Standards

​Code Documentation Policy

​Documentation Format

​Linting CI Integration

​Configuration Files Reference

​Backend Configuration

​Style Checklist

​Resources

Build docs developers (and LLMs) love

Python Code Style

Style Tools

Ruff Configuration

Configuration Details

Running Ruff

Pre-commit Integration

Python Style Guidelines

Type Hints

Imports

Naming Conventions

Docstrings

Comments

Function Length

Error Handling

String Formatting

Dictionary and List Handling

Context Managers

Data Classes

Frontend Code Style

TypeScript Guidelines

TypeScript Style Highlights

Documentation Standards

Code Documentation Policy

Documentation Format

Linting CI Integration

Configuration Files Reference

Backend Configuration

Style Checklist

Resources