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K2V is an optional feature that must be enabled at compile time using the k2v feature flag. Standard Garage builds do not include K2V support. Special builds with K2V enabled can be identified by the -k2v suffix in their tag name (e.g., v0.7.2-k2v).

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What is K2V?

K2V (Key/Key/Value) is an alternative storage API designed to efficiently store many small values in buckets, in contrast to S3 which is optimized for storing large blobs. K2V stores triplets of the form (partition key, sort key, value).

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Key Characteristics

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Data Model

K2V stores triplets consisting of:
  • Partition Key (pk): A UTF-8 string that defines which partition the triplet is stored in. Triplets in different partitions cannot be listed or deleted together in batch operations.
  • Sort Key (sk): A UTF-8 string that defines the index of the triplet within its partition. Triplets are uniquely identified by their partition key + sort key combination.
  • Value (v): An opaque binary blob associated with the partition key + sort key. Values are transmitted as binary when possible, but are typically represented as base64-encoded strings in JSON responses. A value can also be null to indicate a deleted triplet (tombstone).

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Buckets and Access

  • Triplets are stored in buckets, with each bucket maintaining a separate set of triplets
  • Bucket names and access keys are the same as for the S3 API
  • K2V triplets exist separately from S3 objects - they are completely independent storage systems

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Causality and Conflict Resolution

K2V implements sophisticated causality tracking based on DVVS (Dotted Version Vector Sets), which enables:
  • Concurrent write detection: Garage can detect when multiple writes occur concurrently
  • Automatic conflict preservation: When concurrent writes are detected, all conflicting values are kept until a subsequent write supersedes them
  • Causality tokens: Clients receive causality tokens with read responses, which must be provided on writes to indicate causal relationships
This approach is similar to Riak KV’s conflict resolution strategy.

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How Causality Works

  1. Reading values: When you read an item, you receive a causality token along with the value(s)
  2. Writing values: To supersede previous values, include the causality token in the X-Garage-Causality-Token header
  3. Concurrent writes: If you write without a causality token (or with an outdated one), your write will not overwrite existing values - it creates a concurrent value instead
  4. Conflict resolution: When conflicts exist, all concurrent values are returned on read operations

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Indexing

K2V maintains an asynchronous index that tracks:
  • Number of triplets per partition key
  • Total number of values (accounting for conflicts)
  • Total bytes of values
  • Number of triplets in conflict state
The index allows efficient listing of all partition keys in a bucket, though the counts are eventually consistent.

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Use Cases

K2V is ideal for scenarios requiring:
  • Storage of many small values (metadata, configuration, state)
  • Efficient key-value lookups within partitions
  • Range queries and prefix-based filtering
  • Real-time updates with polling capabilities
  • Applications that need to handle concurrent updates gracefully

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Example Use Cases

  • Email system metadata: Store mailbox structures, message indices, and flags
  • Application state: Store user preferences, session data, and configuration
  • Distributed coordination: Store lock information, membership lists, and cluster state
  • Time-series data: Use sort keys for timestamps, partition keys for entity IDs

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Authentication

The K2V API uses AWSv4 signatures for authentication, identical to the S3 API:
  • Use the same access keys and secret keys as your S3 API
  • The AWS region for signature calculation matches your S3 API configuration
  • All requests must include proper AWS Signature Version 4 headers

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Enabling K2V

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Download K2V-Enabled Build

Download a special build with the k2v feature flag enabled from the Garage downloads page (look for builds tagged with -k2v).

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Configuration

Add the following to your garage.toml configuration file: 
[k2v_api]
api_bind_addr = "<ip>:<port>"
Ensure the port number doesn’t conflict with other API endpoints (S3 API, Admin API) or the RPC server.

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Client Libraries

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Rust Client

An early-stage K2V client library is available for Rust: 
[dependencies]
k2v-client = { git = "https://git.deuxfleurs.fr/Deuxfleurs/garage.git" }

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CLI Utility

A command-line utility for testing and development: 
git clone https://git.deuxfleurs.fr/Deuxfleurs/garage.git
cd garage/src/k2v-client
cargo build --features cli --bin k2v-cli
Run k2v-cli --help for usage instructions.

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Important Considerations

Internal server errors do not mean updates aren’t stored. K2V returns an internal server error when it cannot reach a quorum of nodes. However, the value may still be stored on one node and will propagate asynchronously via anti-entropy.
Batch operations are not transactions. InsertBatch and DeleteBatch operations may partially complete. If these operations return an error, some items may be inserted/deleted while others retain their old values.
Concurrent values are deduplicated. If the same value is inserted multiple times concurrently (either by user action or internal retries), duplicate concurrent values are automatically deduplicated when items are read.

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API Overview

The K2V API provides several categories of operations:

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Single Item Operations

  • ReadItem - Read a single item by partition key and sort key
  • InsertItem - Insert or update a single item
  • DeleteItem - Delete a single item
  • PollItem - Wait for changes to a single item

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Batch Operations

  • ReadBatch - Read multiple items across sort keys
  • InsertBatch - Insert/update multiple items in one request
  • DeleteBatch - Delete multiple items matching criteria
  • PollRange - Wait for changes to items in a range

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Index Operations

  • ReadIndex - List partition keys and get aggregate statistics
See K2V Operations for detailed endpoint documentation.

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