Encryption & Decryption Guide

This guide demonstrates the complete encryption and decryption workflow using RSA-2048 asymmetric encryption with PKCS1_OAEP padding.

Overview

The Key Management Service uses asymmetric encryption:

Client-side: Encrypts sensitive data using the public key
Server-side: Decrypts data using the corresponding private key
Algorithm: RSA-2048 with PKCS1_OAEP padding
Encoding: Base64 for transport

Encryption/Decryption Flow

Obtain public key

Generate or retrieve an encryption key pair:

mutation {
  generateClientEncryptionKey(input: {
    deviceId: "device-12345"
    appVersion: "1.0.0"
  }) {
    publicKey
    keyId
  }
}

Encrypt data client-side

Use the public key to encrypt sensitive data before transmission:

const encryptedData = encryptData(sensitiveData, publicKey);

Send encrypted data to server

Transmit the encrypted data along with the keyId:

mutation {
  setUserPasscode(input: {
    encryptedPasscode: encryptedData
    keyId: "key_1234567890_abc123"
  })
}

Decrypt on server

Server decrypts using the private key associated with keyId.

Client-Side Encryption

Encryption Implementation

Use the RSA public key to encrypt data before sending to the server:

// From: src/lib/common/helpers/crypto.ts:44-60
import * as crypto from 'crypto';

/**
 * Encrypts data using a public key
 * @param data Data to encrypt
 * @param publicKey Public key to use for encryption
 * @returns Encrypted data as a base64 string
 */
export function encryptData(data: string, publicKey: string): string {
  try {
    const buffer = Buffer.from(data, 'utf-8');
    const encrypted = crypto.publicEncrypt(
      {
        key: publicKey,
        padding: crypto.constants.RSA_PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING,
      },
      buffer,
    );

    return encrypted.toString('base64');
  } catch (error) {
    console.error('Encryption error:', error);
    throw new Error('Failed to encrypt data');
  }
}

Usage Example

import * as crypto from 'crypto';

// Encrypt sensitive data
const passcode = '123456';
const publicKey = `-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAtPF7TYz4UeTwtko2yErl
...
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----`;

const buffer = Buffer.from(passcode, 'utf-8');
const encrypted = crypto.publicEncrypt(
  {
    key: publicKey,
    padding: crypto.constants.RSA_PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING,
  },
  buffer,
);

const encryptedData = encrypted.toString('base64');
console.log('Encrypted:', encryptedData);

Browser Compatibility

For browser environments, use the Web Crypto API:

async function encryptDataBrowser(
  data: string,
  publicKeyPem: string
): Promise<string> {
  // Convert PEM to ArrayBuffer
  const pemHeader = '-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----';
  const pemFooter = '-----END PUBLIC KEY-----';
  const pemContents = publicKeyPem
    .replace(pemHeader, '')
    .replace(pemFooter, '')
    .replace(/\s/g, '');
  
  const binaryDer = atob(pemContents);
  const publicKeyBuffer = new Uint8Array(binaryDer.length);
  for (let i = 0; i < binaryDer.length; i++) {
    publicKeyBuffer[i] = binaryDer.charCodeAt(i);
  }

  // Import the key
  const publicKey = await crypto.subtle.importKey(
    'spki',
    publicKeyBuffer,
    {
      name: 'RSA-OAEP',
      hash: 'SHA-256',
    },
    false,
    ['encrypt']
  );

  // Encrypt the data
  const encodedData = new TextEncoder().encode(data);
  const encryptedBuffer = await crypto.subtle.encrypt(
    { name: 'RSA-OAEP' },
    publicKey,
    encodedData
  );

  // Convert to base64
  const encryptedArray = new Uint8Array(encryptedBuffer);
  return btoa(String.fromCharCode(...encryptedArray));
}

Server-Side Decryption

Decryption Implementation

// From: src/lib/common/helpers/crypto.ts:68-84
/**
 * Decrypts data using a private key
 * @param encryptedData Encrypted data as a base64 string
 * @param privateKey Private key to use for decryption
 * @returns Decrypted data as a string
 */
export function decryptData(encryptedData: string, privateKey: string): string {
  try {
    const buffer = Buffer.from(encryptedData, 'base64');
    const decrypted = crypto.privateDecrypt(
      {
        key: privateKey,
        padding: crypto.constants.RSA_PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING,
      },
      buffer,
    );

    return decrypted.toString('utf-8');
  } catch (error) {
    console.error('Decryption error:', error);
    throw new Error('Failed to decrypt data');
  }
}

Decryption Service

The EncryptionService handles secure decryption with validation:

// From: src/encryption/encryption.service.ts:136-157
/**
 * Decrypts data using the private key associated with the given keyId
 * Validates encrypted data size and records metrics
 */
async decryptWithPrivateKey(
  encryptedData: string,
  keyId: string,
): Promise<string> {
  try {
    this.logger.debug(`Attempting to decrypt data with keyId: ${keyId}`);

    // Validate encrypted data size
    this.validateEncryptedDataSize(encryptedData);

    const privateKey = await this.getPrivateKey(keyId);
    const decryptedData = await decryptData(encryptedData, privateKey);

    this.logger.debug(`Successfully decrypted data with keyId: ${keyId}`);
    this.recordDecryptionSuccessMetric(keyId);
    return decryptedData;
  } catch (error) {
    this.logger.error(`Decryption failed: ${error.message}`, error.stack);
    this.recordDecryptionFailureMetric(keyId, error.message);
    throw new Error('Failed to decrypt data');
  }
}

Private Key Retrieval

Private keys are securely retrieved and validated:

// From: src/encryption/encryption.service.ts:104-130
private async getPrivateKey(keyId: string): Promise<string> {
  try {
    const keyEntry = await this.prismaService.clientEncryptionKey.findUnique({
      where: { id: keyId },
    });

    if (!keyEntry) {
      this.logger.warn(`Private key not found for keyId: ${keyId}`);
      throw new Error('Encryption key not found');
    }

    // Check if key has expired - key rotation enforcement
    if (keyEntry.expiresAt && keyEntry.expiresAt < new Date()) {
      this.logger.warn(`Key with ID ${keyId} has expired`);
      throw new Error('Encryption key has expired');
    }

    return keyEntry.privateKey;
  } catch (error) {
    this.logger.error(
      `Failed to retrieve private key: ${error.message}`,
      error.stack,
    );
    this.recordDecryptionFailureMetric(keyId, 'key_retrieval_failed');
    throw new Error('Failed to retrieve encryption key');
  }
}

Data Size Validation

The service enforces maximum encrypted data size to prevent abuse:

// From: src/encryption/encryption.service.ts:215-222
private validateEncryptedDataSize(encryptedData: string): void {
  if (encryptedData.length > this.maxEncryptedDataSize) {
    this.logger.warn(
      `Encrypted data exceeds maximum allowed size: ${encryptedData.length} > ${this.maxEncryptedDataSize}`,
    );
    throw new Error('Encrypted data size exceeds limit');
  }
}

Default maximum size: 2048 bytes Configure via environment variable:

MAX_ENCRYPTED_DATA_SIZE=2048

Testing Encryption (Development Only)

The service provides a development mutation to test encryption like a client:

mutation TestEncryption {
  encryptDataLikeClient(input: {
    body: "123456"
    publicKey: "-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----\n...\n-----END PUBLIC KEY-----"
  }) {
    encryptedData
  }
}

Implementation

// From: src/encryption/encryption.resolver.ts:58-63
@Mutation(() => EncryptionKeyOutput)
async encryptDataLikeClient(
  @Args('input') input: EncryptDataPayload,
): Promise<EncryptDataPayloadOutput> {
  return { encryptedData: encryptData(input.body, input.publicKey) };
}

Complete Example

import * as crypto from 'crypto';

// Step 1: Generate encryption key
const keyResponse = await fetch('/graphql', {
  method: 'POST',
  headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
  body: JSON.stringify({
    query: `
      mutation {
        generateClientEncryptionKey(input: {
          deviceId: "device-12345"
          appVersion: "1.0.0"
        }) {
          publicKey
          keyId
        }
      }
    `
  })
});

const { data: { generateClientEncryptionKey } } = await keyResponse.json();
const { publicKey, keyId } = generateClientEncryptionKey;

// Step 2: Encrypt sensitive data
function encryptData(data: string, publicKey: string): string {
  const buffer = Buffer.from(data, 'utf-8');
  const encrypted = crypto.publicEncrypt(
    {
      key: publicKey,
      padding: crypto.constants.RSA_PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING,
    },
    buffer,
  );
  return encrypted.toString('base64');
}

const passcode = '123456';
const encryptedPasscode = encryptData(passcode, publicKey);

// Step 3: Send encrypted data to server
const setResponse = await fetch('/graphql', {
  method: 'POST',
  headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
  body: JSON.stringify({
    query: `
      mutation SetPasscode($input: EncryptedPasscodeInput!) {
        setUserPasscode(input: $input)
      }
    `,
    variables: {
      input: {
        encryptedPasscode,
        keyId
      }
    }
  })
});

const { data: { setUserPasscode } } = await setResponse.json();
console.log('Passcode set:', setUserPasscode); // true

Security Considerations

RSA-2048 Encryption

Uses industry-standard 2048-bit RSA keys with PKCS1_OAEP padding for secure encryption.

Private Keys Never Exposed

Private keys remain on the server and are never transmitted to clients.

Key Expiration

Keys automatically expire after 30 days, enforcing regular rotation.

Size Validation

Encrypted data is validated to prevent oversized payloads (max 2048 bytes).

Error Handling

Common Errors

try {
  const decrypted = await decryptWithPrivateKey(encryptedData, keyId);
} catch (error) {
  if (error.message === 'Encryption key not found') {
    // Key was deleted or never existed
    // Action: Generate a new key
  } else if (error.message === 'Encryption key has expired') {
    // Key has expired
    // Action: Rotate the key
  } else if (error.message === 'Encrypted data size exceeds limit') {
    // Data too large
    // Action: Reduce payload size
  } else if (error.message === 'Failed to decrypt data') {
    // Decryption failed (wrong key, corrupted data, etc.)
    // Action: Verify keyId matches encryption key
  }
}

Client-Side Error Handling

function encryptWithErrorHandling(data: string, publicKey: string): string | null {
  try {
    if (data.length > 200) {
      throw new Error('Data too large for RSA encryption');
    }

    const buffer = Buffer.from(data, 'utf-8');
    const encrypted = crypto.publicEncrypt(
      {
        key: publicKey,
        padding: crypto.constants.RSA_PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING,
      },
      buffer,
    );

    return encrypted.toString('base64');
  } catch (error) {
    console.error('Encryption failed:', error);
    return null;
  }
}

Performance Considerations

RSA Data Size Limits

RSA-2048 can encrypt a maximum of 214 bytes of plaintext data with PKCS1_OAEP padding:

Key size: 2048 bits (256 bytes)
PKCS1_OAEP overhead: ~42 bytes
Maximum plaintext: ~214 bytes

For larger data:

Use hybrid encryption (RSA + AES)
Split data into smaller chunks
Hash data and encrypt the hash

Encryption Speed

Client-side encryption: ~1-5ms per operation
Server-side decryption: ~2-10ms per operation

Both operations are fast enough for real-time user authentication.

Monitoring

All decryption operations are automatically logged for monitoring:

// From: src/encryption/encryption.service.ts:282-290
private recordDecryptionSuccessMetric(keyId: string): void {
  this.logger.log(`METRIC: decryption_success keyId=${keyId}`);
}

private recordDecryptionFailureMetric(keyId: string, reason: string): void {
  this.logger.log(
    `METRIC: decryption_failure keyId=${keyId} reason=${reason}`,
  );
}

See the Monitoring Guide for details on tracking encryption metrics.

Next Steps

Authentication

Implement secure passcode and PIN authentication

Monitoring

Track encryption metrics and monitor system health

Getting Started

Core Concepts

Guides

Overview

Encryption/Decryption Flow

Client-Side Encryption

Encryption Implementation

Usage Example

Browser Compatibility

Server-Side Decryption

Decryption Implementation

Decryption Service

Private Key Retrieval

Data Size Validation

Testing Encryption (Development Only)

Implementation

Complete Example

Security Considerations

RSA-2048 Encryption

Private Keys Never Exposed

Key Expiration

Size Validation

Error Handling

Common Errors

Client-Side Error Handling

Performance Considerations

RSA Data Size Limits

Encryption Speed

Monitoring

Next Steps

Authentication

Monitoring

Build docs developers (and LLMs) love

Getting Started

Core Concepts

Guides

Documentation Index

​Overview

​Encryption/Decryption Flow

​Client-Side Encryption

​Encryption Implementation

​Usage Example

​Browser Compatibility

​Server-Side Decryption

​Decryption Implementation

​Decryption Service

​Private Key Retrieval

​Data Size Validation

​Testing Encryption (Development Only)

​Implementation

​Complete Example

​Security Considerations

RSA-2048 Encryption

Private Keys Never Exposed

Key Expiration

Size Validation

​Error Handling

​Common Errors

​Client-Side Error Handling

​Performance Considerations

​RSA Data Size Limits

​Encryption Speed

​Monitoring

​Next Steps

Authentication

Monitoring

Build docs developers (and LLMs) love

Overview

Encryption/Decryption Flow

Client-Side Encryption

Encryption Implementation

Usage Example

Browser Compatibility

Server-Side Decryption

Decryption Implementation

Decryption Service

Private Key Retrieval

Data Size Validation

Testing Encryption (Development Only)

Implementation

Complete Example

Security Considerations

Error Handling

Common Errors

Client-Side Error Handling

Performance Considerations

RSA Data Size Limits

Encryption Speed

Monitoring

Next Steps