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The Student Management panel (PanelEstudiantes) is accessible to users with the Administrator (admin) and Secretary (secretaria) roles. It provides a full CRUD interface for maintaining the student registry, backed by a Binary Search Tree (BST) keyed on the carnet field. Every mutation is also persisted to the SQL Server database through EstudianteDAO, and the BST is re-hydrated from the database on each load to keep the in-memory structure in sync.

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The Estudiante Data Model

Each student record contains three fields. The carnet is the primary key used as the BST sort key; no two students may share the same value.
FieldTypeDescriptionConstraint
carnetStringUnique student identifier — acts as the BST key.Non-null (Guava checkNotNull)
nombreStringStudent’s full name.Non-null
carreraStringDegree programme (e.g. DESARROLLO DE SISTEMAS).Non-null
The constructor enforces all three constraints via Google Guava Preconditions.checkNotNull: 
public Estudiante(String carnet, String nombre, String carrera) {
    this.carnet  = checkNotNull(carnet,  "El carnet no puede ser nulo");
    this.nombre  = checkNotNull(nombre,  "El nombre no puede ser nulo");
    this.carrera = checkNotNull(carrera, "La carrera no puede ser nula");
}

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CRUD Operations

1

Register a New Student

Fill in the Carnet, Nombre, and select a Carrera from the combo-box, then click Registrar.The panel calls EstudianteDAO.insertar(carnet, nombre, carrera). On success, cargarDatosDesdeSQL() reloads the BST and refreshes the table. If any field is empty the operation is blocked with a dialog before the DAO is ever reached.
// Validation guard in PanelEstudiantes.registrarEstudiante()
if (carnet.isEmpty() || nombre.isEmpty() || carrera == null) {
    JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this, "Completa todos los campos.");
    return;
}
dao.EstudianteDAO estudianteDAO = new dao.EstudianteDAO();
boolean exitoSQL = estudianteDAO.insertar(carnet, nombre, carrera);
2

Search by Carnet

Click Buscar por carnet and enter the carnet in the prompt dialog. The panel delegates to ArbolEstudiantes.buscar(carnet), which performs a BST lookup in O(log n) average time by comparing the target against each node’s carnet string and traversing left or right accordingly.
Estudiante encontrado = arbol.buscar(carnet.trim());
The result is displayed in a message dialog showing the student’s name and programme.
3

Update a Student

Right-click any row in the table and choose Actualizar from the context menu. The row’s data is loaded into the form fields. Edit Nombre and/or Carrera (the carnet is pre-populated and read-only at this point), then click Actualizar.The panel calls EstudianteDAO.actualizar(carnetSeleccionado, nuevoNombre, nuevaCarrera) and refreshes the BST from SQL on success. The in-memory BST is also updated via ArbolEstudiantes.actualizar(), which finds the node by carnet and calls the setters directly — no removal and re-insertion needed.
public boolean actualizar(String carnet, String nuevoNombre, String nuevaCarrera) {
    Estudiante est = buscar(carnet);
    if (est != null) {
        est.setNombre(nuevoNombre);
        est.setCarrera(nuevaCarrera);
        return true;
    }
    return false;
}
4

Delete a Student

Right-click a row and choose Eliminar. A confirmation dialog is shown. On approval, EstudianteDAO.eliminar(carnet) removes the record from the database, and cargarDatosDesdeSQL() rebuilds the BST.The BST deletion itself promotes the in-order successor (leftmost node in the right subtree) when the removed node has two children, preserving the BST invariant:
} else {
    // Node has two children — find in-order successor
    actual.estudiante = encontrarMinimo(actual.derecha);
    actual.derecha = eliminarRec(actual.derecha, actual.estudiante.getCarnet());
}

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In-Order Traversal

The method ArbolEstudiantes.inorden(Consumer<Estudiante>) performs a left-root-right recursive traversal, visiting every node in ascending carnet order. PanelEstudiantes uses it to populate the table view after every database reload: 
private void cargarTabla() {
    modelo.setRowCount(0);
    arbol.inorden(est -> modelo.addRow(new Object[]{
        est.getCarnet(), est.getNombre(), est.getCarrera()
    }));
}
The same traversal is used by MenuPrincipal to populate the carnet combo-box in the enrollment panel, and by ExportadorExcel to collect the ordered student list for export.

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Excel Export

Click Exportar a Excel in the toolbar below the table. A file-chooser dialog opens, defaulting to estudiantes.xls. The export is handled by the static utility: 
ExportadorExcel.exportarEstudiantes(arbol, archivo);
Internally, exportarEstudiantes calls arbol.inorden(estudiantes::add) to collect all students in carnet order, then writes them to an HSSFWorkbook (Apache POI .xls format) with three columns:
Column AColumn BColumn C
CarnetNombreCarrera
The header row is styled with a royal-blue background and bold white text. All columns are auto-sized.

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Full Usage Example

// Build and populate the BST
ArbolEstudiantes arbol = new ArbolEstudiantes();
arbol.insertar(new Estudiante("2024001", "María López", "DESARROLLO DE SISTEMAS"));
arbol.insertar(new Estudiante("2023050", "Pedro Ramírez", "CONTABILIDAD"));

// BST lookup — O(log n) average
Estudiante e = arbol.buscar("2024001");

// In-place update (no re-insertion)
arbol.actualizar("2024001", "María López Ruiz", "DESARROLLO DE SISTEMAS");

// In-order traversal — ascending carnet order
arbol.inorden(est -> System.out.println(est.getNombre()));

// BST deletion with in-order successor promotion
arbol.eliminar("2024001");
The carnet field is compared using String.compareTo(), so lexicographic ordering applies. Carnets that start with a higher digit (e.g. "2024...") sort after those that start with a lower digit (e.g. "2023...").
If EstudianteDAO.insertar() returns false (e.g. a duplicate carnet violates the database primary key), no student object is added to the BST. Always verify the dialog confirms success before assuming the record was stored.

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