Replacements

Overview

The replacement property is a function that defines how a matched HTML element should be converted to Markdown. It receives information about the element and returns the Markdown string.

Function Signature

replacement: function (content, node, options) {
  // Return Markdown string
}

Returns: string - The Markdown representation of the element

Simple Replacements

Paragraph

Wraps content with blank lines:

replacement: function (content) {
  return '\n\n' + content + '\n\n'
}

Input: Hello world Output:



Hello world

Blockquote

Prefixes each line with >:

replacement: function (content) {
  content = content.trim().replace(/^/gm, '> ')
  return '\n\n' + content + '\n\n'
}

Input: <blockquote>Hello\nWorld</blockquote> Output:

> Hello
> World

Horizontal Rule

Outputs the configured horizontal rule:

replacement: function (content, node, options) {
  return '\n\n' + options.hr + '\n\n'
}

Uses the hr option (default: '* * *').

Replacements Using Options

Line Break

Uses the configured line break style:

replacement: function (content, node, options) {
  return options.br + '\n'
}

The br option determines the line break format (default: ' ' - two spaces).

Emphasis

Wraps content with the configured emphasis delimiter:

replacement: function (content, node, options) {
  if (!content.trim()) return ''
  return options.emDelimiter + content + options.emDelimiter
}

Uses the emDelimiter option (default: '_'). Returns empty string if content is blank. Input: italic Output: _italic_

Strong

Wraps content with the configured strong delimiter:

replacement: function (content, node, options) {
  if (!content.trim()) return ''
  return options.strongDelimiter + content + options.strongDelimiter
}

Uses the strongDelimiter option (default: '**'). Input: bold Output: **bold**

Replacements Using Node Properties

Heading

Extracts heading level from the node name:

replacement: function (content, node, options) {
  var hLevel = Number(node.nodeName.charAt(1))

  if (options.headingStyle === 'setext' && hLevel < 3) {
    var underline = repeat((hLevel === 1 ? '=' : '-'), content.length)
    return '\n\n' + content + '\n' + underline + '\n\n'
  } else {
    return '\n\n' + repeat('#', hLevel) + ' ' + content + '\n\n'
  }
}

ATX style (h2):



## Heading

Setext style (h1):

Heading
=======

List Item

Checks parent element and position:

replacement: function (content, node, options) {
  var prefix = options.bulletListMarker + '   '
  var parent = node.parentNode
  
  if (parent.nodeName === 'OL') {
    var start = parent.getAttribute('start')
    var index = Array.prototype.indexOf.call(parent.children, node)
    prefix = (start ? Number(start) + index : index + 1) + '.  '
  }
  
  content = content.trim() + (content.endsWith('\n') ? '\n' : '')
  content = content.replace(/\n/gm, '\n' + ' '.repeat(prefix.length))
  
  return prefix + content + (node.nextSibling ? '\n' : '')
}

This replacement:

Determines if the list is ordered or unordered
Calculates the appropriate prefix (bullet or number)
Indents multiline content
Adds newlines between items

Image

Extracts attributes from the node:

replacement: function (content, node) {
  var alt = node.getAttribute('alt') || ''
  var src = node.getAttribute('src') || ''
  var title = node.getAttribute('title') || ''
  var titlePart = title ? ' "' + title + '"' : ''
  return src ? '![' + alt + ']' + '(' + src + titlePart + ')' : ''
}

Input: <img src="logo.png" alt="Logo" title="Company Logo"> Output: ![Logo](logo.png "Company Logo")

Inline Link

Extracts and escapes link attributes:

replacement: function (content, node) {
  var href = node.getAttribute('href')
  if (href) href = href.replace(/([()])/g, '\\$1')
  
  var title = node.getAttribute('title') || ''
  if (title) title = ' "' + title.replace(/"/g, '\\"') + '"'
  
  return '[' + content + '](' + href + title + ')'
}

Input: <a href="https://example.com" title="Example">Link</a> Output: [Link](https://example.com "Example")

Complex Replacements

List

Contextual formatting based on parent:

replacement: function (content, node) {
  var parent = node.parentNode
  if (parent.nodeName === 'LI' && parent.lastElementChild === node) {
    return '\n' + content
  } else {
    return '\n\n' + content + '\n\n'
  }
}

Nested lists within list items are formatted differently than top-level lists.

Inline Code

Dynamically determines delimiter:

replacement: function (content) {
  if (!content) return ''
  content = content.replace(/\r?\n|\r/g, ' ')

  var extraSpace = /^`|^ .*?[^ ].* $|`$/.test(content) ? ' ' : ''
  var delimiter = '`'
  var matches = content.match(/`+/gm) || []
  
  while (matches.indexOf(delimiter) !== -1) {
    delimiter = delimiter + '`'
  }

  return delimiter + extraSpace + content + extraSpace + delimiter
}

This replacement:

Replaces newlines with spaces
Determines if extra spaces are needed
Finds a delimiter that doesn’t conflict with backticks in the content
Wraps the content appropriately

Input: <code>`code`</code> Output: `` `code` ``

Fenced Code Block

Extracts language and adapts fence size:

replacement: function (content, node, options) {
  var className = node.firstChild.getAttribute('class') || ''
  var language = (className.match(/language-(\S+)/) || [null, ''])[1]
  var code = node.firstChild.textContent

  var fenceChar = options.fence.charAt(0)
  var fenceSize = 3
  var fenceInCodeRegex = new RegExp('^' + fenceChar + '{3,}', 'gm')

  var match
  while ((match = fenceInCodeRegex.exec(code))) {
    if (match[0].length >= fenceSize) {
      fenceSize = match[0].length + 1
    }
  }

  var fence = repeat(fenceChar, fenceSize)

  return (
    '\n\n' + fence + language + '\n' +
    code.replace(/\n$/, '') +
    '\n' + fence + '\n\n'
  )
}

This replacement:

Extracts the language from the class name
Gets the raw code text
Determines the minimum fence size to avoid conflicts
Builds the fenced code block

Input:

<pre><code class="language-js">console.log('hello')</code></pre>

Output:

```js
console.log('hello')
```

Reference Link

Collects references for later output:

replacement: function (content, node, options) {
  var href = node.getAttribute('href')
  var title = node.getAttribute('title') || ''
  if (title) title = ' "' + title + '"'
  
  var replacement
  var reference

  switch (options.linkReferenceStyle) {
    case 'collapsed':
      replacement = '[' + content + '][]'
      reference = '[' + content + ']: ' + href + title
      break
    case 'shortcut':
      replacement = '[' + content + ']'
      reference = '[' + content + ']: ' + href + title
      break
    default:
      var id = this.references.length + 1
      replacement = '[' + content + '][' + id + ']'
      reference = '[' + id + ']: ' + href + title
  }

  this.references.push(reference)
  return replacement
}

This replacement uses the rule’s references array to collect link definitions, which are output at the end via the append function. Input: <a href="https://example.com">Link</a> Output (in content): [Link][1] Output (appended):

[1]: https://example.com

Indented Code Block

Directly accesses text content:

replacement: function (content, node, options) {
  return (
    '\n\n    ' +
    node.firstChild.textContent.replace(/\n/g, '\n    ') +
    '\n\n'
  )
}

Note: Uses node.firstChild.textContent instead of content to get the raw code without markdown conversion.

Best Practices

Return Empty String for Empty Content

replacement: function (content) {
  if (!content.trim()) return ''
  // ... process content
}

Use Consistent Spacing

Block-level elements typically use \n\n before and after:

return '\n\n' + content + '\n\n'

Escape Special Characters

When outputting user content, escape characters that have special meaning:

var href = node.getAttribute('href')
if (href) href = href.replace(/([()])/g, '\\$1')

Access Raw Text When Needed

For code blocks, use textContent instead of the converted content:

var code = node.firstChild.textContent

This preserves HTML entities and special characters without markdown conversion.

TurndownService

Rules

Overview

Function Signature

Simple Replacements

Paragraph

Blockquote

Horizontal Rule

Replacements Using Options

Line Break

Emphasis

Strong

Replacements Using Node Properties

Heading

List Item

Image

Inline Link

Complex Replacements

List

Inline Code

Fenced Code Block

Reference Link

Indented Code Block

Best Practices

Return Empty String for Empty Content

Use Consistent Spacing

Escape Special Characters

Access Raw Text When Needed

​Overview

​Function Signature

​Simple Replacements

​Paragraph

​Blockquote

​Horizontal Rule

​Replacements Using Options

​Line Break

​Emphasis

​Strong

​Replacements Using Node Properties

​Heading

​List Item

​Image

​Inline Link

​Complex Replacements

​List

​Inline Code

​Fenced Code Block

​Reference Link

​Indented Code Block

​Best Practices

​Return Empty String for Empty Content

​Use Consistent Spacing

​Escape Special Characters

​Access Raw Text When Needed

Overview

Function Signature

Simple Replacements

Paragraph

Blockquote

Horizontal Rule

Replacements Using Options

Line Break

Emphasis

Strong

Replacements Using Node Properties

Heading

List Item

Image

Inline Link

Complex Replacements

List

Inline Code

Fenced Code Block

Reference Link

Indented Code Block

Best Practices

Return Empty String for Empty Content

Use Consistent Spacing

Escape Special Characters

Access Raw Text When Needed