Rules

Rules define how HTML elements are converted to Markdown. Turndown includes built-in CommonMark rules and allows you to add custom rules to handle additional elements or override default behavior.

What Are Rules?

A rule is a JavaScript object with two properties:

filter - Selects which HTML elements the rule applies to
replacement - A function that converts the element to Markdown

Basic Rule Structure

{
  filter: 'p',
  replacement: function (content) {
    return '\n\n' + content + '\n\n'
  }
}

This rule selects  elements and wraps their content with blank lines.

Adding Custom Rules

Use the addRule() method to add a custom rule:

turndownService.addRule('strikethrough', {
  filter: ['del', 's', 'strike'],
  replacement: function (content) {
    return '~' + content + '~'
  }
})

string

required

A unique identifier for the rule. Used for reference and debugging.

object

required

An object with filter and replacement properties.

addRule() returns the TurndownService instance, allowing you to chain multiple calls.

The Filter Property

The filter determines which elements the rule applies to. It can be a string, array, or function.

String Filter

Matches elements by tag name (case-insensitive):

filter: 'p'  // Matches <p> elements

Array Filter

Matches any of the specified tag names:

filter: ['em', 'i']  // Matches <em> or <i> elements

Function Filter

Provides complete control over element matching:

filter: function (node, options) {
  return (
    options.linkStyle === 'inlined' &&
    node.nodeName === 'A' &&
    node.getAttribute('href')
  )
}

The function receives:

node - The DOM node being evaluated
options - The TurndownService options object

Return true to apply the rule to the node.

Tag names in the filter must be lowercase, even if the HTML uses uppercase tags.

The Replacement Function

The replacement function converts the matched element to Markdown. Function signature:

function (content, node, options)

Parameters:

content - The Markdown content of the element’s children
node - The DOM node being converted
options - The TurndownService options object

Returns: A Markdown string

Replacement Examples

Here are real examples from Turndown’s built-in CommonMark rules:

Emphasis (Italic) - src/commonmark-rules.js:208

{
  filter: ['em', 'i'],
  
  replacement: function (content, node, options) {
    if (!content.trim()) return ''
    return options.emDelimiter + content + options.emDelimiter
  }
}

Converts text to _text_ (or *text* depending on options).

Strong (Bold) - src/commonmark-rules.js:217

{
  filter: ['strong', 'b'],
  
  replacement: function (content, node, options) {
    if (!content.trim()) return ''
    return options.strongDelimiter + content + options.strongDelimiter
  }
}

Converts text to **text**.

Headings - src/commonmark-rules.js:21

{
  filter: ['h1', 'h2', 'h3', 'h4', 'h5', 'h6'],
  
  replacement: function (content, node, options) {
    var hLevel = Number(node.nodeName.charAt(1))
    
    if (options.headingStyle === 'setext' && hLevel < 3) {
      var underline = repeat((hLevel === 1 ? '=' : '-'), content.length)
      return (
        '\n\n' + content + '\n' + underline + '\n\n'
      )
    } else {
      return '\n\n' + repeat('#', hLevel) + ' ' + content + '\n\n'
    }
  }
}

Converts headings to either setext or atx style based on options.

Inline Links - src/commonmark-rules.js:143

{
  filter: function (node, options) {
    return (
      options.linkStyle === 'inlined' &&
      node.nodeName === 'A' &&
      node.getAttribute('href')
    )
  },
  
  replacement: function (content, node) {
    var href = node.getAttribute('href')
    if (href) href = href.replace(/([()])/g, '\\$1')
    var title = cleanAttribute(node.getAttribute('title'))
    if (title) title = ' "' + title.replace(/"/g, '\\"') + '"'
    return '[' + content + '](' + href + title + ')'
  }
}

Converts <a href="url" title="title">text</a> to [text](url "title").

Blockquotes - src/commonmark-rules.js:38

{
  filter: 'blockquote',
  
  replacement: function (content) {
    content = trimNewlines(content).replace(/^/gm, '> ')
    return '\n\n' + content + '\n\n'
  }
}

Prefixes each line with > to create a blockquote.

Inline Code - src/commonmark-rules.js:226

{
  filter: function (node) {
    var hasSiblings = node.previousSibling || node.nextSibling
    var isCodeBlock = node.parentNode.nodeName === 'PRE' && !hasSiblings
    
    return node.nodeName === 'CODE' && !isCodeBlock
  },
  
  replacement: function (content) {
    if (!content) return ''
    content = content.replace(/\r?\n|\r/g, ' ')
    
    var extraSpace = /^`|^ .*?[^ ].* $|`$/.test(content) ? ' ' : ''
    var delimiter = '`'
    var matches = content.match(/`+/gm) || []
    while (matches.indexOf(delimiter) !== -1) delimiter = delimiter + '`'
    
    return delimiter + extraSpace + content + extraSpace + delimiter
  }
}

Handles backtick escaping and edge cases for inline code.

Rule Precedence

When converting an element, Turndown selects the first matching rule in this order:

Blank rule - Elements containing only whitespace
Added rules - Custom rules added with addRule()
CommonMark rules - Built-in rules for standard Markdown elements
Keep rules - Elements marked with keep()
Remove rules - Elements marked with remove()
Default rule - Fallback for unrecognized elements

Rules added with addRule() take precedence over CommonMark rules, allowing you to override default behavior.

Special Rules

Turndown has several special built-in rules:

Blank Rule

Handles elements that contain only whitespace (except <a>, <td>, <th>, and void elements). Customize with the blankReplacement option:

var turndownService = new TurndownService({
  blankReplacement: function (content, node) {
    return node.isBlock ? '\n\n' : ''
  }
})

Keep Rules

Elements marked with keep() are rendered as HTML in the Markdown output:

turndownService.keep(['del', 'ins'])
turndownService.turndown('<p>Hello <del>world</del><ins>World</ins></p>')
// Result: 'Hello <del>world</del><ins>World</ins>'

Customize with the keepReplacement option:

var turndownService = new TurndownService({
  keepReplacement: function (content, node) {
    return node.isBlock ? '\n\n' + node.outerHTML + '\n\n' : node.outerHTML
  }
})

Remove Rules

Elements marked with remove() are completely removed from output:

turndownService.remove('del')
turndownService.turndown('<p>Hello <del>world</del><ins>World</ins></p>')
// Result: 'Hello World'

Default Rule

Handles elements not matched by any other rule. Outputs the element’s text content. Customize with the defaultReplacement option:

var turndownService = new TurndownService({
  defaultReplacement: function (content, node) {
    return node.isBlock ? '\n\n' + content + '\n\n' : content
  }
})

Advanced Examples

Handling Custom HTML Elements

turndownService.addRule('customAlert', {
  filter: function (node) {
    return node.nodeName === 'DIV' && 
           node.classList.contains('alert')
  },
  replacement: function (content, node) {
    var type = node.getAttribute('data-type') || 'info'
    return '\n\n> [!' + type.toUpperCase() + ']\n> ' + 
           content.replace(/\n/g, '\n> ') + '\n\n'
  }
})

Preserving Data Attributes

turndownService.addRule('abbr', {
  filter: 'abbr',
  replacement: function (content, node) {
    var title = node.getAttribute('title')
    return title ? content + ' (' + title + ')' : content
  }
})

Conditional Conversion

turndownService.addRule('spoiler', {
  filter: function (node) {
    return node.classList && node.classList.contains('spoiler')
  },
  replacement: function (content) {
    return '||' + content + '||'
  }
})

Conversion Options - Configure global conversion behavior
Plugins - Package multiple rules as reusable plugins
API Reference - Detailed addRule() documentation

Get Started

Core Concepts

Guides

What Are Rules?

Basic Rule Structure

Adding Custom Rules

The Filter Property

String Filter

Array Filter

Function Filter

The Replacement Function

Replacement Examples

Rule Precedence

Special Rules

Blank Rule

Keep Rules

Remove Rules

Default Rule

Advanced Examples

Handling Custom HTML Elements

Preserving Data Attributes

Conditional Conversion

​What Are Rules?

​Basic Rule Structure

​Adding Custom Rules

​The Filter Property

​String Filter

​Array Filter

​Function Filter

​The Replacement Function

​Replacement Examples

​Rule Precedence

​Special Rules

​Blank Rule

​Keep Rules

​Remove Rules

​Default Rule

​Advanced Examples

​Handling Custom HTML Elements

​Preserving Data Attributes

​Conditional Conversion

​Related

What Are Rules?

Basic Rule Structure

Adding Custom Rules

The Filter Property

String Filter

Array Filter

Function Filter

The Replacement Function

Replacement Examples

Rule Precedence

Special Rules

Blank Rule

Keep Rules

Remove Rules

Default Rule

Advanced Examples

Handling Custom HTML Elements

Preserving Data Attributes

Conditional Conversion

Related