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Overview

The Grade model manages student grades, providing methods for recording grades and retrieving grade information in various formats. File: app/models/Grade.php

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Methods

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getStudentsByCourse

Retrieves all students enrolled in a course along with their grades (if any).
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course_id
int
required
Course ID to get students for
SQL Query: 
SELECT students.id, users.name, grades.grade
FROM enrollments
JOIN students ON enrollments.student_id = students.id
JOIN users ON students.id = users.id
LEFT JOIN grades 
  ON grades.student_id = students.id 
 AND grades.course_id = enrollments.course_id
WHERE enrollments.course_id = ?
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result
array
Returns array of students with their grades for the course
Example: 
$grade = new Grade();
$students = $grade->getStudentsByCourse(12);
Uses LEFT JOIN to include students who haven’t received grades yet (grade will be null).

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save

Saves or updates a grade for a student in a specific course.
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student_id
int
required
Student ID
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course_id
int
required
Course ID
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grade
float
required
Grade value to save
SQL Query: 
REPLACE INTO grades (student_id, course_id, grade)
VALUES (?, ?, ?)
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result
void
No return value (throws exception on failure)
Example: 
$grade = new Grade();
$grade->save(15, 12, 95.5); // Student 15, Course 12, Grade 95.5
Uses REPLACE INTO which updates the grade if it already exists, or inserts a new record if it doesn’t.

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getStudentGrades

Retrieves all grades for a specific student with subject information.
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student_id
int
required
Student ID to get grades for
SQL Query: 
SELECT subjects.name AS subject, grades.grade
FROM grades
JOIN courses ON grades.course_id = courses.id
JOIN subjects ON courses.subject_id = subjects.id
WHERE grades.student_id = ?
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result
array
Returns array of grades with subject names
Example: 
$grade = new Grade();
$studentGrades = $grade->getStudentGrades(15);

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getBulletinData

Retrieves comprehensive grade information for a student including subject, teacher, and grade.
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student_id
int
required
Student ID to get bulletin data for
SQL Query: 
SELECT 
    subjects.name AS subject,
    users.name AS teacher,
    grades.grade
FROM grades
JOIN courses ON grades.course_id = courses.id
JOIN subjects ON courses.subject_id = subjects.id
JOIN users ON courses.teacher_id = users.id
WHERE grades.student_id = ?
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result
array
Returns array of grade records with full details
Example: 
$grade = new Grade();
$bulletinData = $grade->getBulletinData(15);
This method is typically used for generating student report cards or academic bulletins.

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getGradesByStudent

Retrieves all grades for a student with subject and teacher information (identical to getBulletinData).
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student_id
int
required
Student ID to get grades for
SQL Query: 
SELECT 
    subjects.name AS subject,
    users.name AS teacher,
    grades.grade
FROM grades
JOIN courses ON grades.course_id = courses.id
JOIN subjects ON courses.subject_id = subjects.id
JOIN users ON courses.teacher_id = users.id
WHERE grades.student_id = ?
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result
array
Returns array of grade records with full details
Example: 
$grade = new Grade();
$allGrades = $grade->getGradesByStudent(15);

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