Objects and Connections

Object Architecture

plugindata’s object system is built on Pure Data’s foundation but enhanced with modern UI features and improved visual feedback.

Object Lifecycle

From Object.cpp:35-69, objects are created in two ways: New Object Creation:

Object::Object(Canvas* parent, String const& name, Point<int> const position)
    : cnv(parent)
    , editor(parent->editor)
{
    setTopLeftPosition(position - Point<int>(margin, margin));
    initialise();
    
    if (name.isEmpty()) {
        setSize(58, height);  // Initial editor size
    } else {
        setType(name);  // Create with specific type
    }
}

Existing Object Reference:

Object::Object(pd::WeakReference object, Canvas* parent)
    : cnv(parent)
    , editor(parent->editor)
{
    initialise();
    setType("", object);  // Link to existing Pd object
}

Object Types

1. GUI Objects

Interactive visual elements that extend Pure Data’s standard objects: Number Boxes

Display and edit numeric values
Support mouse drag to adjust
Can have custom ranges and display formats

Sliders (Horizontal/Vertical)

Visual parameter control
Linear or logarithmic scaling
Customizable colors and ranges

Toggle/Bang

Binary on/off states
Momentary triggers
Visual feedback on activation

Canvas/VU Meters

Visual displays
Real-time level monitoring
Customizable appearance

From Object.cpp:498-503, GUI objects have special rendering:

void Object::resized()
{
    setVisible(!((cnv->isGraph || cnv->presentationMode == var(true)) 
        && gui && gui->hideInGraph()));
    
    if (gui) {
        gui->setBounds(getLocalBounds().reduced(margin));
    }
}

2. Audio Objects

Signal processing objects (with ~ suffix): Oscillators

[osc~] - Sine wave oscillator
[phasor~] - Sawtooth/ramp oscillator
[noise~] - White noise generator

Filters

[lop~] - Low-pass filter
[hip~] - High-pass filter
[bp~] - Band-pass filter
[vcf~] - Voltage-controlled filter

Audio I/O

[adc~] - Audio input (analog-to-digital converter)
[dac~] - Audio output (digital-to-analog converter)
[readsf~] - Read sound file
[writesf~] - Write sound file

Math Operations

[+~], [-~], [*~], [/~] - Arithmetic
[clip~] - Limit signal range
[wrap~] - Wrap signal values

3. Control Objects

Message-based objects for logic and flow control: Flow Control

[select] / [sel] - Route based on value
[route] - Message routing by symbol
[spigot] - Gate messages on/off
[moses] - Split numbers by threshold

Timing

[metro] - Metronome/clock
[delay] / [del] - Delayed bang
[timer] - Measure time between events
[pipe] - Delay messages with values

Math and Logic

[+], [-], [*], [/] - Arithmetic
[>], [<], [==] - Comparisons
[&&], [||] - Logical operators
[expr] - Mathematical expressions

Data Structures

[list] - List operations
[array] - Data arrays
[table] - Lookup tables
[text] - Text manipulation

Object Properties

Every object has configurable properties accessible through the inspector: Position and Size

// From Object.cpp:76-94
Rectangle<int> Object::getObjectBounds() const
{
    return getBounds().reduced(margin) - cnv->canvasOrigin;
}

void Object::setObjectBounds(Rectangle<int> const bounds)
{
    setBounds(bounds.expanded(margin) + cnv->canvasOrigin);
}

Visual Properties

Background color
Label text and position
Font and size
Send/receive symbols

Functional Properties

Value ranges (min/max)
Initial values
Send/receive names
Arguments

Iolets: Object Interfaces

From Iolet.h:12-65, iolets are the connection points on objects:

class Iolet final : public Component
{
public:
    Object* object;
    Canvas* cnv;
    
    uint16 ioletIdx;      // Index on parent object
    bool isInlet : 1;      // Input vs output
    bool isSignal : 1;     // Signal (~) vs message
    bool isGemState : 1;   // GEM rendering chain
    bool isTargeted : 1;   // Being connected
};

Iolet Types

Signal Iolets (Audio Rate)

Process continuous audio streams
Identified by ~ in object name
Visually distinct (colored when enabled)
Sample-accurate timing

Message Iolets (Control Rate)

Process discrete events
Handle numbers, symbols, lists
Event-driven execution

GEM Iolets

Graphics rendering chain
Pass GEM state between objects
Special visual indicator

Iolet Layout

From Object.cpp:512-586, iolet positioning is calculated:

void Object::updateIoletGeometry()
{
    int maxIoletWidth = std::min(
        (getWidth() - doubleMargin) / std::max<int>(numInputs, 1) - 4,
        (getWidth() - doubleMargin) / std::max<int>(numOutputs, 1) - 4
    );
    
    int ioletSize = PlugDataLook::getIoletSize();
    ioletSize = std::max(std::min({ioletSize, maxIoletWidth, maxIoletHeight}), 10);
    
    // Two layout modes: vanilla (edges) or centered
    if (PlugDataLook::getUseIoletSpacingEdge()) {
        // Distribute iolets from edge to edge
    } else {
        // Center iolets with spacing
    }
}

Layout Modes:

Edge Spacing (Vanilla style)
- Iolets placed at object corners
- Matches Pure Data vanilla appearance
Centered Spacing (Default)
- Iolets distributed evenly
- Better visual balance
- Easier to connect

Iolet Tooltips

From Object.cpp:589-693, tooltips are automatically populated:

void Object::updateTooltips()
{
    auto const objectInfo = cnv->pd->objectLibrary->getObjectInfo(
        gui->getTypeWithOriginPrefix());
    
    if (objectInfo.isValid()) {
        // Set object tooltip from documentation
        gui->setTooltip(objectInfo.getProperty("description").toString());
        
        // Parse iolet tooltips from pddp files
        ioletTooltips = cnv->pd->objectLibrary->parseIoletTooltips(
            objectInfo.getChildWithName("iolets"), 
            gui->getText(), numInputs, numOutputs);
    }
}

Tooltips show:

Iolet purpose and accepted values
GEM state indicators
Signal vs message type

Connection System

The connection system manages the visual and functional links between objects.

Connection Creation

From Connection.cpp:26-95:

Connection::Connection(Canvas* parent, Iolet* s, Iolet* e, t_outconnect* oc)
    : inlet(s->isInlet ? s : e)
    , outlet(s->isInlet ? e : s)
    , inobj(inlet->object)
    , outobj(outlet->object)
    , cnv(parent)
{
    // Validate connection
    if (!outlet || !inlet || outlet->isInlet == inlet->isInlet) {
        jassertfalse;
        return;
    }
    
    // Determine cable type
    if (outlet->isSignal) {
        cableType = SignalCable;
    } else if (outlet->isGemState) {
        cableType = GemCable;
    } else {
        cableType = DataCable;
    }
    
    // Create in Pd if needed
    if (!oc) {
        oc = parent->patch.createAndReturnConnection(
            checkedOut, outIdx, checkedIn, inIdx);
    }
}

Connection Types

Data Connections (Message)

Control-rate messages
Discrete events and values
Black/base color (default)

Signal Connections (Audio)

Audio-rate continuous signals
Sample-accurate processing
Colored differently (configurable)
Multiple signal channels supported

GEM Connections

Graphics rendering chain
Special visual treatment
Pass rendering state

Connection Paths

plugindata supports multiple connection path styles:

1. Curved Paths (Default)

From Connection.cpp:879-932, bezier curves for smooth appearance:

Path Connection::getNonSegmentedPath(Point<float> const start, Point<float> const end)
{
    Path connectionPath;
    connectionPath.startNewSubPath(start);
    
    if (!PlugDataLook::getUseStraightConnections()) {
        float const width = std::max(start.x, end.x) - std::min(start.x, end.x);
        float const height = std::max(start.y, end.y) - std::min(start.y, end.y);
        
        constexpr float maxShiftY = 20.f;
        constexpr float maxShiftX = 20.f;
        
        float shiftY = std::min<float>(maxShiftY, max * 0.5);
        Point<float> const ctrlPoint1 { start.x - shiftX, start.y + shiftY };
        Point<float> const ctrlPoint2 { end.x + shiftX, end.y - shiftY };
        
        connectionPath.cubicTo(ctrlPoint1, ctrlPoint2, end);
    }
    
    return connectionPath;
}

2. Segmented Paths

Orthogonal (right-angle) routing
User-adjustable waypoints
Automatic path-finding algorithm
Saved with patch

From Connection.cpp:317-339, segmented paths are serialized:

void Connection::pushPathState(bool const force)
{
    t_symbol* newPathState;
    if (segmented) {
        MemoryOutputStream stream;
        
        for (auto const& point : currentPlan) {
            stream.writeInt(point.x - outlet->getCanvasBounds().getCentre().x);
            stream.writeInt(point.y - outlet->getCanvasBounds().getCentre().y);
        }
        
        auto const base64 = stream.getMemoryBlock().toBase64Encoding();
        newPathState = cnv->pd->generateSymbol(base64);
    } else {
        newPathState = cnv->pd->generateSymbol("empty");
    }
    
    cnv->pathUpdater->pushPathState(this, newPathState);
}

3. Straight Lines

Direct point-to-point
Minimal visual overhead
Matches Pd vanilla

Connection Interaction

Selection

Click to select
Multiple selection with Shift
Selected connections highlighted

Reconnection
From Connection.cpp:749-787, reconnect handles allow redirecting:

void Connection::reconnect(Iolet const* target)
{
    auto const& otherIolet = target == inlet ? outlet : inlet;
    
    // Support multiple connection reconnection with Shift
    SmallArray<Connection*> connections = { this };
    if (Desktop::getInstance().getMainMouseSource()
            .getCurrentModifiers().isShiftDown()) {
        for (auto* c : otherIolet->object->getConnections()) {
            if (c == this || !c->isSelected()) continue;
            connections.add(c);
        }
    }
    
    // Remove old connections and start new ones
    for (auto* c : connections) {
        cnv->patch.removeConnection(checkedOut, c->outIdx, 
                                   checkedIn, c->inIdx, c->getPathState());
        cnv->connectionsBeingCreated.add(
            target->isInlet ? c->inlet : c->outlet, cnv);
    }
}

Path Editing

Drag segments to adjust waypoints (segmented mode)
Double-click to toggle segmented/curved
Right-click for path options

Connection Ordering

From Canvas.cpp:824-868, connection rendering respects layering:

void Canvas::renderAllConnections(NVGcontext* nvg, Rectangle<int> const area)
{
    SmallArray<Connection*> connectionsToDrawSelected;
    Connection* hovered = nullptr;
    
    // Draw non-selected connections first
    for (auto* connection : connections) {
        if (connection->isMouseHovering())
            hovered = connection;
        else if (!connection->isSelected())
            connection->render(nvg);
        else
            connectionsToDrawSelected.add(connection);
    }
    
    // Draw selected connections on top
    for (auto* connection : connectionsToDrawSelected) {
        connection->render(nvg);
    }
    
    // Draw hovered connection last (highest)
    if (hovered) {
        hovered->render(nvg);
    }
}

Ordering Display When multiple connections share an outlet, numbers show execution order.

Object Management

Canvas Object Management

From Canvas.cpp:1093-1231, synchronization with Pure Data:

void Canvas::performSynchronise()
{
    // Remove deleted objects
    for (int n = objects.size() - 1; n >= 0; n--) {
        if (auto* object = objects[n]; 
            !object->getPointer() && !object->isInitialEditorShown()) {
            setSelected(object, false, false);
            objects.remove_at(n);
        }
    }
    
    // Add new objects from Pd
    auto pdObjects = patch.getObjects();
    for (auto object : pdObjects) {
        auto const* it = std::ranges::find_if(objects, 
            [&object](Object const* b) { 
                return b->getPointer() == object.getRawUnchecked<void>(); 
            });
        
        if (it == objects.end()) {
            auto* newObject = objects.add(object, this);
            newObject->toFront(false);
        }
    }
    
    // Sort to match Pd order
    std::ranges::sort(objects,
        [&pdObjects](Object const* first, Object const* second) {
            return pdObjects.index_of(first->getPointer()) < 
                   pdObjects.index_of(second->getPointer());
        });
}

Object Selection

Multiple selection modes: Click Selection

Single click: Select one
Shift + click: Add to selection
Cmd/Ctrl + click: Toggle selection

Lasso Selection

Drag on canvas to select region
All contained objects selected
Works in edit mode only

Select All

Cmd/Ctrl + A: Select all objects
Cmd/Ctrl + Shift + A: Deselect all

Object Alignment and Distribution

From Object.cpp:36-226, the ObjectsResizer handles multi-object operations:

class ObjectsResizer final : public Component
{
    enum class ResizerMode { Horizontal, Vertical };
    
    ObjectsResizer(Canvas* parentCanvas, 
                   std::function<float(Rectangle<int>)> onResize,
                   std::function<void(Point<int>)> onMove,
                   ResizerMode const mode = ResizerMode::Horizontal)
    {
        // Handle simultaneous resizing of multiple objects
        // Distribute spacing evenly
        // Align to grid
    }
};

Alignment Options:

Align left/right/top/bottom
Distribute horizontally/vertically
Align to grid
Even spacing

Advanced Features

HVCC Compatibility

From Object.cpp:139-148, objects check compatibility:

void Object::settingsChanged(String const& name, var const& value)
{
    if (name == "hvcc_mode") {
        if (value)
            isHvccCompatible = gui->checkHvccCompatibility();
        else
            isHvccCompatible = true;
        repaint();
    }
}

Incompatible objects are highlighted when HVCC mode is enabled.

Object Activity Visualization

From Object.cpp:479-489:

void Object::triggerOverlayActiveState()
{
    if (!cnv->shouldShowObjectActivity())
        return;
    
    activeStateAlpha = 1.0f;
    activityStateFade.start();  // Animate fade-out
}

Visual feedback shows which objects are processing data in real-time.

Graph on Parent (GOP)

Subpatches can display their contents on the parent canvas:

Define visible area (x/y ranges)
Show/hide name and arguments
Create custom GUI objects
Encapsulate complex interfaces

Best Practices

Object Naming: Use descriptive names for subpatches and abstractions
Connection Clarity: Use segmented paths for complex patches
Visual Organization: Group related objects together
Performance: Minimize unnecessary signal connections
Modularity: Use subpatches to organize functionality
Documentation: Add tooltips and comments to objects

Getting Started

Core Concepts

User Guide

Objects Reference

Advanced

Resources

Objects and Connections

Object Architecture

Object Lifecycle

Object Types

1. GUI Objects

2. Audio Objects

3. Control Objects

Object Properties

Iolets: Object Interfaces

Iolet Types

Iolet Layout

Iolet Tooltips

Connection System

Connection Creation

Connection Types

Connection Paths

1. Curved Paths (Default)

2. Segmented Paths

3. Straight Lines

Connection Interaction

Connection Ordering

Object Management

Canvas Object Management

Object Selection

Object Alignment and Distribution

Advanced Features

HVCC Compatibility

Object Activity Visualization

Graph on Parent (GOP)

Best Practices

Next Steps

Patching Basics

Plugin vs Standalone

​Object Architecture

​Object Lifecycle

​Object Types

​1. GUI Objects

​2. Audio Objects

​3. Control Objects

​Object Properties

​Iolets: Object Interfaces

​Iolet Types

​Iolet Layout

​Iolet Tooltips

​Connection System

​Connection Creation

​Connection Types

​Connection Paths

​1. Curved Paths (Default)

​2. Segmented Paths

​3. Straight Lines

​Connection Interaction

​Connection Ordering

​Object Management

​Canvas Object Management

​Object Selection

​Object Alignment and Distribution

​Advanced Features

​HVCC Compatibility

​Object Activity Visualization

​Graph on Parent (GOP)

​Best Practices

​Next Steps

Patching Basics

Plugin vs Standalone

Object Architecture

Object Lifecycle

Object Types

1. GUI Objects

2. Audio Objects

3. Control Objects

Object Properties

Iolets: Object Interfaces

Iolet Types

Iolet Layout

Iolet Tooltips

Connection System

Connection Creation

Connection Types

Connection Paths

1. Curved Paths (Default)

2. Segmented Paths

3. Straight Lines

Connection Interaction

Connection Ordering

Object Management

Canvas Object Management

Object Selection

Object Alignment and Distribution

Advanced Features

HVCC Compatibility

Object Activity Visualization

Graph on Parent (GOP)

Best Practices

Next Steps